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Quiz Session - Attempts With Random Questions

ASPPB EPPP Exam Questions

Page 7 of 53

121.

Constance is seeking therapy because she struggles with negative thinking about herself, leading her to experience depressive episodes. Constance holds the belief that she must be perfect at all times, or else she is not worthy of love and happiness.

Constance is showing evidence of:

  • Cognitive distortions

  • Learned helplessness

  • Specificity

  • Externality

Correct answer: Cognitive distortions

Cognitive distortions are negative thinking patterns that involve distinct themes. The belief that one must be perfect is a cognitive distortion. Aaron Beck believed that cognitive distortions are associated with mood disorders like depression.

Learned helplessness refers to the belief that people who feel they cannot escape pain will eventually stop trying to do so, leading to depression. Evidence of this concept is not present in the question.

Specificity is part of Weiner's attributional style. Specificity refers to whether a person views events as situation-specific. There is no mention of this concept in the question.

Externality is also part of Weiner's theory. This concept, which is also not present in the question, refers to the belief that events are caused by the external environment.

122.

All the following are ecological systems identified by Bronfenbrenner (1979) except:

  • Ecosystem

  • Mesosystem

  • Macrosystem 

  • Exosystem

Correct answer: Ecosystem

Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model of human development includes four systems within each other: macrosystem, exosystem, mesosystem, and microsystem. Each of these levels of systems influences the person in various ways.

"Ecosystem" is not one of the specific systems defined by Bronfenbrenner as having an environmental impact.

123.

Which of the following is the correct definition of aversive racism?

  • Complex and ambivalent racial expression due to an individual's avoidance of contact with the race in question

  • Racism that leads to the exclusion of the racist person from society

  • An oversimplified impression of an entire group

  • The belief that a group represents a direct threat to one's well-being

Correct answer: Complex and ambivalent racial expression due to an individual's avoidance of contact with the race in question

Aversive racism is a complex and ambivalent racial expression due to an individual's avoidance of contact with the race in question. This phenomenon is more complicated than overt racism or discrimination, as the person who holds this type of racist attitude is not fully aware of it.

Racism that leads to the exclusion of the racist person from society could be called discrimination and is more overt than aversive racism. An oversimplified impression of an entire group is stereotyping. The belief that a group represents a direct threat to one's well-being is called a perceived threat.

124.

In an attempt to understand the relationships between the individual and the construct being measured, who examines these three parameters: item difficulty, item discrimination, and the chance that a question is answered correctly by guessing?

  • Test developers

  • Examinees

  • Raters

  • Auditors

Correct answer: Test developers

Test developers must look at several aspects of a measurement to understand the construct being measured and individual test responses. Item difficulty, item discrimination, and the chance that a question is answered correctly by guessing are all factors that are examined. 

The remaining options are incorrect. Examinees, raters, and auditors are not responsible for examining factors to determine the relationship between the individual and the construct being measured.

125.

Ashley, an experienced clinical psychologist, is concerned that the members of the community she serves are not getting the full benefit of the services offered. In particular, she is concerned that a few developmentally disabled individuals living in her community are not accessing the benefits and programs offered by her organization. 

Which of the following types of consultation is Ashley most likely seeking? 

  • Advocacy consultation 

  • Organizational development consultation 

  • Behavioral consultation 

Correct answer: Advocacy consultation 

If Ashley is primarily concerned about the nature of services offered to members of the community who may be underserved, she is definitionally seeking advocacy consultation. The goal of such a consultation is to advocate for members of a community or system who are not being served adequately by existing services or programs. 

If Ashley was concerned about how her organization is functioning as a whole, she would seek organizational development consultation. If she was concerned about how to modify or alter the behavior of a client or client population, she would be seeking behavioral consultation. 

126.

Which of the following is true of the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) as compared to CBT?

  • It is similar in effectiveness to traditional CBT for treating both anxiety and depression.

  • It is similar in effectiveness to traditional CBT for anxiety only.

  • It is similar in effectiveness to traditional CBT for depression only.

  • It performs worse when compared to CBT for treatment of both depression and anxiety.

Correct answer: It is similar in effectiveness to traditional CBT for treating both anxiety and depression.

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a newer psychotherapy approach. It teaches components of mindfulness to help clients become more psychologically flexible. It also incorporates acceptance of thoughts and emotions. Research has shown that it is equal in effectiveness to CBT when treating both depression and anxiety.

127.

In terms of assessing causality, what is considered to be the most comprehensive and reliable type of experiment?

  • Randomized

  • Efficacy

  • Effectiveness

  • Intent-to-treat

Correct answer: Randomized

In randomized experiments, participants are assigned by chance to one of two or more conditions. Randomized experiments are considered to be the most reliable and comprehensive types of experiments because they use a random process to determine who is exposed to treatment and who is not.

The remaining options refer to types of experiments rather than describing how participants are chosen. Efficacy trials are experiments in which an intervention's effects are examined under ideal circumstances. Effectiveness trials are experiments in which an intervention's effects are examined under real-world conditions. Intent-to-treat analyses examine data from participants as a function of their original group assignment.

128.

Martin is a young lawyer who is being recruited by two competing and equally prestigious law firms. One is located in Dallas, a city that Martin knows well because he was born there and has deep emotional and familial ties to the town. The other is located in Chicago, where Martin has always wanted to live due to many aspects he finds more desirable than living in Dallas. Martin does not experience significant distress due to this choice. 

Following Lewin (1931), which of the following kinds of intraindividual conflict is Martin experiencing? 

  • Approach-approach conflict 

  • Approach-avoidance conflict 

  • Avoidance-avoidance conflict 

  • Double approach-avoidance conflict 

Correct answer: Approach-approach conflict 

According to Lewin (1931), intraindividual conflict, or the experience of conflict in the self, can be characterized in three ways. Approach-approach conflict involves the choice between two attractive alternatives and does not generally yield a negative experience. 

An approach-avoidance conflict would involve positive and negative aspects of a single alternative and can produce ambivalence. Avoidance-avoidance conflict is between two unattractive alternatives and commonly produces withdrawal and inaction. Double approach-avoidance conflict occurs when a person must choose between two goals, both of which have both attractive and unattractive qualities. 

129.

What does the "dialectic" in dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) mean?

  • The holding of two seemingly contradictory ideas simultaneously

  • The belief in oneself and in one's relationships at the same time

  • The dialogue between the therapist and the client

Correct answer: The holding of two seemingly contradictory ideas simultaneously

In terms of its application to DBT, dialectic refers to holding two seemingly contradictory ideas simultaneously (e.g., feeling hate and love at the same time). DBT suggests that by embracing this ambiguity and practicing exercises related to the building of skills to deal with it, improvement for those with borderline personality disorder and suicidal behavior is possible. 

130.

Joseph is a clinical supervisor who is in a supervisory session with Ross. Ross has had a difficult week at the small private hospital where they both work. However, Ross has had major clinical success with one patient in particular, showing effort in his studying. 

If Joseph is a cognitive-behavioral supervisor, which of the following is he most likely to do in response to Ross' success? 

  • Warmly congratulate and reward Ross

  • Encourage Ross to build this success into his story 

  • Evaluate whether Ross has advanced clinically

Correct answer: Warmly congratulate and reward Ross

Cognitive-behavioral supervision is based on the psychotherapeutic framework of the same name, in which the supervisee is seen as engaging in a learning process that is based on the same principles of reinforcement as in cognitive-behavioral therapy. By warmly congratulating and rewarding Ross, Joseph is definitionally increasing the probability that good behaviors will continue. 

Encouraging Ross to build success into his story would be more characteristic of constructivist approaches. Evaluating whether Ross has advanced clinically would most likely be part of a developmental model of supervision. 

131.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between laws and regulations versus psychologists' ethical responsibilities?

  • There are often conflicts between laws and regulations versus psychologists' ethical responsibilities

  • The APA Ethical Principles are designed to prevent conflicts between the two

  • Psychologists should always adhere to laws and regulations over the ethics of the profession

  • Psychologists should always adhere to the code of the profession over laws and regulations

Correct answer: There are often conflicts between laws and regulations versus psychologists' ethical responsibilities

Sometimes there are conflicts between laws or local authorities and psychologists' ethical responsibilities, as outlined in the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Ethics (2002) in the section, "Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority." In these types of situations, psychologists should make reasonable attempts to resolve conflicts while taking both sides into consideration. There is no way to prevent such conflicts, and the APA's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Ethics is more designed to address rather than prevent them. 

Psychologists will eventually have to use their best judgment to resolve ethical conflicts.

132.

Your patient Russell has abruptly stopped speaking, seems to be staring into space, and is not responding to you. You suspect he may be having a seizure. If so, what kind would this be?

  • Absence seizure

  • Tonic-clonic generalized seizure

  • Nonepileptic seizure

Correct answer: Absence seizure

Formerly called a petit mal seizure, an absence seizure is one in which the person having the seizure may seem to stare off into space. The eyes may roll, and the patient will most likely be unresponsive. 

In a tonic-clonic generalized seizure, formerly known as a grand mal seizure, the person will most likely lose consciousness, exhibit muscle stiffness, and jerk their extremities. In a nonepileptic seizure, apparent seizure activity may occur, but there is no evidence of a seizure in the brain. 

133.

Brenda maintains fluent speech but struggles to understand language and speaks in a nonsensical fashion. Which form of aphasia does she most likely have?

  • Wernicke's aphasia 

  • Broca's aphasia 

  • Transcortical motor aphasia 

  • Global aphasia 

Correct answer: Wernicke's aphasia 

In Wernicke's aphasia, the primary difficulty is with understanding language. A person with Wernicke's aphasia demonstrates fluent speech, with typical rate and articulation, but their speech is often nonsensical and may contain word salads. 

Broca's aphasia is a type of nonfluent aphasia in which speech is slow and halting with poor grammar. Transcortical motor aphasia is similar to Broca's aphasia, but with transcortical motor aphasia, a person can repeat what others say, which is not the case with Broca's aphasia. Finally, global aphasia occurs when all facets of language are impaired, including reading, writing, repetition, expressive speech, and comprehension.

134.

What term refers to the scaling of support an instructor provides a student according to their increasing skill level?

  • Scaffolding

  • Zone of proximal development 

  • Exosystem 

  • Concrete operations 

Correct answer: Scaffolding

Vygotsky (1978) used the term scaffolding to describe the scaling of support an instructor gives a student according to their increasing skill level. Vygotsky's theory focuses on the importance of social interaction and culture in promoting a child's learning. 

Also from Vygotsky's work is the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD), which refers to tasks that are too difficult for a child to complete on their own, but that the child can learn with assistance from an adult or a more skilled child. The exosystem is a concept from bioecological systems theory; it involves all systems that exert influence on a person indirectly via the microsystem. Concrete operations or the concrete operational stage is a part of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. During this stage, children develop the capacity to reason logically when working with concrete examples. 

135.

Travis, a clinical psychologist and clinical supervisor, is with his supervisee Raymond. Travis is a constructivist clinical supervisor who believes in narrative supervision. Raymond has a client who suffers from long-term substance abuse and is eager to begin a recovery journey. In clinical work together, Raymond and this client have worked on the "story" of the client's life. Travis suggests some edits to this story as Raymond presents it in supervision. 

Is this appropriate, and why or why not? 

  • Yes, as editing client narratives is part of narrative supervision

  • No, as Travis is not directly treating the client

  • Yes, as Raymond and Travis should author this narrative together

Correct answer: Yes, as editing client narratives is part of narrative supervision

Narrative therapy is similar to narrative supervision. Much like narrative therapy, narrative supervision deals with the constructed story that a person tells themselves. A narrative supervisor's role is to help the supervisee make edits to the client's reconstructed story about their life or circumstances, as well as to engage with the story a supervisee tells themselves about supervision.

Travis does not need to be directly serving the client to make this sort of suggestion. It is important to remember that the narrative belongs to the client and should be mainly authored by them, with edits by narrative therapy.

136.

A clinical psychologist is administering a questionnaire about patient satisfaction at the end of their stay. She is using a Likert scale from 1 to 5, with 1 being completely dissatisfied and 5 being completely satisfied. 

Which level of measurement applies to this psychologist's questionnaire?

  • Ordinal

  • Nominal

  • Ratio

Correct answer: Ordinal 

An ordinal level of measurement allows for the ranking of items, such as a Likert scale measuring responses from 1 to 5. The results could show one patient is more satisfied than another with their experience.

A nominal scale of measurement preserves only qualitative distinctions between items, such as asking about a patient's marital status. A ratio scale would record an item of data that can be ranked among other like items of data and compared to others along a continuum of magnitude with the addition of a zero point (e.g., weight). 

137.

What type of studies are conducted when a researcher is not actively manipulating anything?

  • Correlational studies

  • Single-case studies

  • Group-based randomized studies

  • Quasi-experimental studies

Correct answer: Correlational studies

Correlational studies are conducted when a researcher is not actively manipulating anything. This type of approach is usually used to obtain insight into the emergence of a relevant phenomenon.

Single-case studies require intensive assessment before, during, and after an intervention. Group-based randomized studies include both efficacy and effectiveness trials and require extensive recording of data to assess causality due to a manipulated variable. Quasi-experimental studies lack random assignments but do expose participants to an intervention.

138.

Upholding professional standards of conduct, accepting responsibility, and developing trust are all aspects of which general principle outlined in the APA's ethical code?

  • Fidelity and responsibility

  • Justice

  • Integrity

  • Respect for people's rights and dignity

Correct answer: Fidelity and responsibility

Upholding professional standards of conduct, accepting responsibility, and developing trust are all aspects of the fidelity and responsibility section of the APA's ethical code. This also includes taking action when psychologists become aware that other mental health professionals are not behaving in an ethical manner.

Justice is exercising competence and reasonable judgment. Integrity is maximizing benefits and minimizing harm through accuracy and honesty. Doing good and avoiding harm are also known as beneficence and nonmaleficence, respectively. Psychologists have a duty to respect autonomy, preserve confidentiality, and respect personal boundaries.

139.

In what type of setting is a response to intervention (RTI) most often used and for what purpose?

  • In schools to address learning and behavior problems

  • In private practice to define treatment goals

  • In career counseling to determine individuals' motivation for certain types of employment

  • In group therapy to enhance the therapeutic alliance between group members

Correct answer: In schools to address learning and behavior problems

RTIs are a way to measure treatment effectiveness. RTIs are often used in schools to address learning and behavior problems and use both short-term and long-term goals that are frequently assessed to determine the efficacy of interventions. 

One benefit to RTI is the accountability factor, as both the student and those providing the intervention are held accountable.

140.

According to research, which of the following has affected supervision theory and practice more than the rest?

  • Psychoanalysis

  • Cognitive behavioral therapy

  • Feminism

Correct answer: Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud is seen in many ways as the first clinical supervisor. Psychoanalysis, due to its presence at the beginning of psychology and its relational framework, is seen as having had more influence than any other theory in the history of supervision. Specifically, the working alliance between supervisor and supervisee that is seen as so important in supervision is a concept taken directly from theories of psychoanalysis. The relationship between supervisor and supervisee has been cited (Gilla, Chang, & Dew, 2012) as the primary mechanism by which professional growth takes place.

Cognitive behavioral therapy and feminism have both made important contributions to supervisory theory but have not been as fundamental as psychoanalysis. 

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