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Quiz Session - Attempts With Random Questions

CCE CPCE Exam Questions

Page 10 of 25

181.

Which of the following is meant by the Piagetian term "perturbation"?

  • The breaking of homeostasis

  • A shift in reality testing

  • A significant confrontation

Correct answer: The breaking of homeostasis 

Perturbation in the context of Piaget's view of human development refers to the circumstances surrounding a break in homeostasis; in other words, the occasion for possibly productive doubt and conflict that might lead to further developmental process and gains. 

The concept does not refer to reality testing, and it does not necessarily refer to confrontation, though confrontation may be part of the general break in what has gone before. 

182.

Which of the following statements would be consistent with Ceci's bioecological theory?

  • Intelligence is best defined within specific domains

  • Intelligence is essentially formed at birth

  • Intelligence is a totality to be measured as such

  • Intelligence is the same for everyone at birth

Correct answer: Intelligence is best defined within specific domains 

Ceci (1990, 1993) and other bioecological theorists contend that there are no intelligent people per se; there are simply those in whom certain domains are more developed. According to bioecological theorists, intelligence develops in separate, discrete areas and not as a global totality; it is highly responsive to which domain of intelligence is"trained" in a given environment.

183.

How is diligence best defined with reference to counseling?

  • Putting the client first 

  • Being competent to treat clients

  • Being honest with clients

  • Prioritizing self-care

Correct answer: Putting the client first 

Diligence in the counseling arena is best understood as putting the client first. For example, a diligent counselor will do everything they can to serve a particular client to the best of their ability and be ready to go above and beyond to serve every client in their care. 

Competence is more related to ability, and honesty is a core ethic of the profession, but diligence is more related to client-centered care. Prioritizing self-care is important, but diligence refers to serving clients.

184.

Which of the following is the best example of respect for autonomy?

  • Encouraging self-determination 

  • Advising against excess 

  • Telling the truth 

  • Keeping one's word in difficult circumstances 

Correct answer: Encouraging self-determination 

The ACA Code of Ethics is the ethical guide for counselors, and it details several principles that are essential to responsible practice in the profession. One of these is respect for autonomy, which is, in other words, the encouragement of self-determination on the part of the client. There are specific, limited circumstances in which this self-determination may be suspended but, as an overall principle, counselors should always strive to help their clients strive for their own power and agency. 

Advising against excess is valuable but not an explicit ethical principle in the ACA Code, and telling the truth and keeping one's word in difficult circumstances are examples of another ACA value, that of veracity.

185.

Which of the following is a likely undetected condition in depression and anxiety?

  • Post-traumatic stress 

  • Personality disorder 

  • Specific phobia 

Correct answer: Post-traumatic stress 

Research suggests that, in many cases of depression and anxiety, there is a hidden and undetected element of post-traumatic stress that may be etiological to those disorders. As most human beings experience some degree of significant stress during their lifespan, this is a significant issue when the presenting problem has to do with depression and anxiety. 

Personality disorder and specific phobia are much less common than post-traumatic stress and are not as closely linked to depression and anxiety. 

186.

What is the point of "remediation" in academic programs?

  • To address issues of student performance

  • To highlight successes in student performance

  • To compensate students for failures in program design

Correct answer: To address issues of student performance 

Addressing deficient student performance in counseling programs is problematic, as it involves many layers of consideration involving integrity, fear of litigation, the tendency toward academic leniency, and other factors. Remediation is one way in which poor performance can be addressed without ejecting the student from the program, as well as establishing a track record showing that the university attempted to work with the student. Such an arrangement would focus solely on the student's need for improvement.

187.

Which of the following would be most characteristic of a criterion-referenced instrument?

  • Comparing individual performance to an established standard

  • Listing details of success or failure of an instrument 

  • Establishing norms for several different instruments 

Correct answer: Comparing individual performance to an established standard 

A criterion-referenced instrument is one that compares the results of an individual's performance to an established standard. This type of test is generally used to indicate whether an individual can display mastery of skills or knowledge.

Listing details of success or failure of an instrument and establishing norms for several different instruments are less characteristic of criterion-referenced instruments and have more to do with establishing instrumental validity in general.

188.

Which of the following best describes a developmental perspective in counseling? 

  • Many major issues of life are not pathological

  • Most major life issues are rooted in psychopathology

  • Major life issues do not resolve without conflict

Correct answer: Many major issues of life are not pathological

As opposed to many other perspectives in psychology that identify psychopathology as characterizing major life issues, the counseling perspective sees most major life issues as being developmental in nature and necessary for growth through successful transition. Thus, the counseling profession is characterized by a developmental perspective rather than a psychopathological one. 

Conflict may or may not be identified in these stages. 

189.

When must researchers honor their commitments to participants?

  • By the time research is completed

  • When specified by the research design 

  • When it is deemed appropriate by the institutional review board 

Correct answer: By the time research is completed

The ACA Code of Ethics makes clear that, in the case of researchers making commitments to their research participants in any form, they must honor those commitments by the time the research project is completed (ACA, 2014). 

The research design will have already included this guidance, and the institutional review board is most likely to have observed the ACA Code of Ethics regarding honoring whatever commitments are made.

190.

Which of the following is the way in which socioeconomic status (SES) affects clients most? 

  • SES affects all aspects of a client's life

  • SES has the biggest impact on quality of life considerations 

  • SES has the biggest impact on mental health

Correct answer: SES affects all aspects of a client's life

Socioeconomic status, by providing the essential background against which clients live their lives, affects all aspects of a client's life. Though less discussed than other issues of diversity, the issue of SES may be more impactful than any other. Along with issues related to overall quality of life and mental health, SES (in particular low SES) is related to problems in access to services, stigma, environments of violence, and various kinds of trauma.

191.

Which of the following would be the most likely focus of a task group?

  • Determining an organizational budget

  • Education about anxiety disorders

  • Dealing with trauma following a disaster

Correct answer: Determining an organizational budget 

Task groups are distinguished from other kinds of groups in that they generally have a highly specific mission to perform, such as determining an organizational budget. In general, task groups only exist for the purpose of accomplishing this single goal and will be disbanded once it is completed. 

Education would more likely be the focus of a psychoeducational group, and dealing with trauma would be more the focus of a therapeutic group.

192.

Which of the following would likely be the focus of a psychodynamic approach to group work?

  • Unconscious motivations

  • Present analysis of environment

  • Positive reinforcement

Correct answer: Unconscious motivations 

Psychodynamic theories deal with insight and unconscious motivations. Group work using a psychodynamic approach deals with issues such as defense mechanisms and how behavior is affected by factors not available to the normal state of consciousness. 

Working with present analysis of the environment would be more characteristic of a Gestalt approach, and positive reinforcement would usually be considered behaviorist in character.

193.

What would be a goal in group work congruent with the existential perspective?

  • Recognizing and accepting freedom and responsibility

  • Acting in a more prosocial way with other clients

  • Being able to plan one's own recovery from substance abuse

  • Addressing a shared need of the group with a plan

Correct answer: Recognizing and accepting freedom and responsibility 

Of the many schools of thought that inform group work, existential group therapy is the one that encourages participants most to recognize and accept the freedom and responsibility that, from the existential viewpoint, they already have. From the existential point of view, this is the best way to help clients help themselves in their present need and future actions. 

Existential therapy is not explicitly addressed to social concerns, substance use, or group planning, but is a more general perspective about self-efficacy and honest acceptance of self and environment.

194.

What is the best way to predict academic performance?

  • Previous academic performance 

  • Aptitude tests 

  • College entrance exams 

  • Self-report by the client 

Correct answer: Previous academic performance 

Decades of research indicate that the best overall predictor of academic performance is past academic performance, more so than any standardized college entrance exam or formal aptitude test. 

The client's self-report may or may not contain accurate data regarding past performance. High school grades can statistically be given twice the weight of scholastic aptitude tests in such predictions. 

195.

What are the two areas considered symptomatic in cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)? 

  • Social impairment and restricted activity 

  • Social impairment and personality inhibition 

  • Social impairment and speech impediment 

  • Social impairment and personality disorder 

Correct answer: Social impairment and restricted activity 

There are two areas that are considered pathological in diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One of these is social impairment, characterized by deficits in communication and social interaction, and the other is restricted activity in terms of repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities. Symptoms must be evident in the developmental period but can become more severe and manifest more coherently later. 

Personality per se is not diagnostic except in the above sense, and speech impediment is, as well, not necessarily diagnostic to ASD.

196.

How does universal design help control cultural bias in testing?

  • By addressing possible bias in instrument design

  • By retrofitting existing instruments to fit cultural concerns

  • By creating instruments for each specific cultural area of concern

  • By scoring assessments differently for different cultural groups

Correct answer: By addressing possible bias in instrument design 

The discussion about how best to address long-standing issues of concern due to cultural gaps in testing sometimes involves the consideration of universal design. Universal design principles for assessments suggest a way of designing a testing instrument that lacks significant bias from the beginning, rather than retrofitting an existing such design to fit emerging cultural concerns.

197.

Which of the following makes assessment of children the most difficult?

  • Children are frank but lack vocabulary

  • Children are reticent but fluent

  • Children lack insight but express readily

Correct answer: Children are frank but lack vocabulary 

The assessment of children poses many problems. There are, of course, the issues of informed consent, liability, and potential conflict with parents or caregivers; however, in clinical terms, the main difficulty in working with most child clients is that they are willing to discuss their problems openly but lack the vocabulary to do so. The counselor must try to elicit factual and useful information while not intimidating or manipulating the child.

198.

When clients are mandated, which of the following is a special ethical task for the counselor? 

  • Ask about the nature of the mandation

  • Remind the client of their requirements

  • Discharge the client for bad behavior 

  • Have the client sign a waiver of rights 

Correct answer: Ask about the nature of the mandation 

In most cases, clients who are mandated to receive treatment will be fully aware of their need to comply with the various rules and reporting that are part of the mandation plan. The counselor must be ready to remind the client of these to their best understanding as necessary, but from a treatment and ethics point of view, it is more important to ask the client about the nature of their mandation. This has the chance of forming an alliance with the client as the counselor can then pose themselves as helping the client meet their obligations, but, in ethical terms, can also educate the counselor about how best to advocate for that client given the circumstances.

199.

What is the main characteristic of an intrasubject research design?

  • The same individuals are used to gauge effectiveness of intervention

  • Different individuals are used to gauge effectiveness of intervention 

  • The narratives of participants are compared with each other

  • The narratives of participants are compared with a set standard

Correct answer: The same individuals are used to gauge effectiveness of intervention 

For the most part, intrasubject research design is a type of quantitative research. Generally speaking, quantitative counseling research tries to assess the effectiveness of one or another counseling intervention. In this context, intrasubject research design would use the same group of participants to gauge the effectiveness of the intervention, rather than using a control group and an experimental group. The assessment method would likely be something like a pre- and post-test. 

Narratives would be unlikely to be in a quantitative study as much as they would be in a qualitative study.

200.

Which of the following is true about a simple random sample in research?

  • Each individual will have an equal chance of selection based on sampling

  • Each individual will have an equal chance of selection based on demographics

  • Each individual will have an equal chance of selection based on stratification

  • Each individual will have an equal chance of selection based on error

Correct answer: Each individual will have an equal chance of selection 

One of the most basic selection strategies for research is to gather a simple random sample; such a sample does not involve stratification or demographic examination, except in the most basic sense, with the end in mind of each individual having an equal chance of selection for the study based on sampling. 

Any possible error would be examined later; a simple random sample means that anyone could be included.

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