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Quiz Session - Attempts With Random Questions

ASPPB EPPP Exam Questions

Page 9 of 53

161.

Statistical regression is most likely in single-group studies when the participants experience what type of symptoms?

  • Extreme

  • Mild

  • Measurable

  • Moderate

Correct answer: Extreme

Statistical regression occurs when scores that are initially extreme revert to the mean on follow-up evaluations. It is most likely in single-group studies where symptoms of participants are severe.

As stated above, statistical regression occurs when extreme scores, not mild or moderate scores, revert to the mean. Most research studies target data that are measurable.

162.

Charlotte wishes to increase her employees' job satisfaction and is thinking of raising wages for many of her workers. According to research, which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the importance of wages to job satisfaction? 

  • There is a small but positive relationship

  • There is a large positive relationship

  • There is no more important factor

Correct answer: There is a small but positive relationship

The relationship between an employee's wage and their resulting job satisfaction can best be described as small but positive. This research does not suggest that there is no more important factor than a wage; in fact, perceptions about wages might be more important than the wage itself. 

163.

Which of the following is not a part of the limbic system?

  • Occipital lobes

  • Amygdala

  • Hippocampus

  • Septal nuclei

Correct answer: Occipital lobes

The amygdala, hippocampus, mammillary bodies, septal nuclei, parahippocampal gyrus, and cingulate gyrus all compose the limbic system, which is interconnected with emotional processing, the endocrine system, and the autonomic nervous system.

The occipital lobes are associated with visual processing and are not part of the limbic system.

164.

Jean is a psychologist who believes that clients should accept responsibility for and take ownership of their behaviors. She believes that everyone has a quality world, which is an ideal image of the accomplishment of our goals. She believes that some clients "choose" symptoms as a way of getting their needs met. 

Which of the following therapeutic schools does Jean follow?

  • Reality therapy

  • Motivational interviewing 

  • Feminist therapy

  • Acceptance and commitment therapy 

Correct answer: Reality therapy

Reality therapy (2011) stresses the role of the client in owning their behaviors and taking responsibility for their life. Its founder, William Glasser, believed that all symptoms of mental illnesses were misguided attempts to get psychological needs met. Reality therapy suggests the idea of a quality world, one's ideal life when all such needs and goals are met. 

Motivational interviewing is not a school of therapy but a technique and style that seeks to identify and bring forward a patient's motivation to change. Feminist therapy (2017) applies principles from the feminist movement to address therapy through intersectional identity. Acceptance and commitment therapy uses mindfulness-based approaches to help clients separate themselves from their thoughts and emotions and learn to live with negative emotions, rather than trying to suppress or escape from them. 

165.

Which of the following is an anxiolytic drug used for the treatment of anxiety disorders?

  • Lorazepam

  • Phenelzine

  • Paroxetine

  • Haloperidol

Correct answer: Lorazepam 

Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine drug used in the treatment of anxiety. Drugs in the benzodiazepine class can be used to treat generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobic disorder, among others.

Phenelzine and paroxetine are both antidepressant drugs, and haloperidol is an antipsychotic.

166.

Anne is an organizational psychologist serving a large company's HR department. The organizational culture is one of distrust and paranoia due to the tone set by a previous administration. 

Which kind of consultation would be useful for Anne?

  • Systems consultation

  • Advocacy consultation

  • Mental health consultation

Correct answer: Systems consultation

A systems consultation (also called an organizational consultation) is one in which the focus is on the functioning of an organization. The target of the consultation will be an issue within the organization that is causing difficulty with relationships or creating inefficiency. Much of what a systems consultant might do is diagnostic, as in many cases the real issues will not be things that the members of the organization are able to easily articulate. 

An advocacy consultation focuses on the needs of an underserved group and seeks to improve their condition within the consultatory context. A mental health consultation deals with issues in individual cases of mental illness where assistance is needed or in a more organizational capacity to improve the services offered by mental health programs. 

167.

Karena is a manager who believes that employees are essentially lazy. She thinks that the best way to motivate employees is through coercion and firm direction toward organizational goals. 

Which of the following management theories matches Karena's beliefs? 

  • Theory X

  • Theory Y

  • Theory Z

Correct answer: Theory X

Theory X in organizational psychology essentially assumes that employees are lazy and unmotivated. In Theory X, employee input is not welcome, and coercion and firm direction, as well as other kinds of external controls, are necessary and appropriate ways to treat workers.

Theory Y seeks to involve employees in decision-making, assuming that employees are hard workers and should have more input. Theory Z is drawn from more collectivist cultural ideas; it suggests consensual decision-making and more informal, less rigid oversight.

168.

Maria is a clinical psychologist working in an inpatient substance abuse setting. She is meeting with her client Donald, who has recently been admitted due to ongoing problems with methamphetamine. After a few weeks of work, Donald seems to feel confident about making changes in his life and shares ways he can enact change. 

Which of the following stages of change fits Donald's current presentation?

  • Preparation

  • Maintenance

  • Precontemplation

  • Action

Correct answer: Preparation

The Stages of Change model developed by Prochaska and DiClemente (1982) postulates a five-stage model of how people enact change in their lives. In the first stage, precontemplation, the individual may not be aware that change is necessary at all. In the second stage, contemplation, the person is aware enough of their problem to be ambivalent about whether change is necessary. In the third stage of preparation, the individual has actively started to plan around their change and may have taken steps. In the next stage, action, concrete steps have been taken, and in the final stage of maintenance, clients work to sustain positive changes.

In this case, Donald seems to be enacting the stage of preparation: he has not begun to make changes, but he is prepared for them, and his motivation matches the beginning phase of doing something about his problem. He has not yet engaged in change, so maintenance would not apply. He knows and is committed to some kind of change, so precontemplation would not apply. Because Donald does not yet seem to be enacting changes, he is not yet in the action stage, but he could move there next.

169.

Christopher has been attending training to become a welder. He has attended many classes, learned in classroom environments as well as in applied settings, and is now ready to demonstrate that he has mastered the skill of welding for a small team of evaluators who will then determine his mastery. 

Which type of measurement is Christopher about to undertake?

  • Performance-based measurement

  • Curriculum-based measurement

  • Psychometric assessment

  • Aptitude test

Correct answer: Performance-based measurement

A performance-based measurement is one in which a participant is evaluated based on their ability to perform a specific skill, such as the welding examination Christopher is about to undergo. A curriculum-based measurement is one in which progression and achievement in an academic skill are measured by regular administration of examinations.

A psychometric assessment assesses one or more properties, such as intelligence or reaction time. An aptitude test includes several subsets and assesses a person's ability to learn or master a variety of skills. The difference between a performance-based assessment and an aptitude test is that the aptitude test is completed in the form of a standard written exam, whereas a performance-based measurement is completed through observation or ratings, as is the case with Christopher. 

170.

Louis is doing qualitative research about the impact of popular entertainment on the self-image of teenage girls. After collecting many personal stories from participants about their experiences, he then interviews film directors, television producers, and media critics. Louis also studies how film portrayals of teenage girls have changed over the past decade and correlates these data with rates of eating disorders over the same period.

In terms of qualitative research, what technique is Louis using?

  • Triangulation 

  • Member checking 

  • Auditing

Correct answer: Triangulation 

Qualitative research in the social sciences often lacks the standard methods used in quantitative research to ensure validity and reliability. Instead, there are processes like triangulation, in which the research is correlated with various other data and research; member checking, in which the trustworthiness of the research is addressed by giving the results to participants for their feedback; and auditing, which involves handing the research over to an outside source to assess and provide direction.

171.

According to research, which of the following is true regarding affiliative relationships among men as opposed to those among women? 

  • Relationships among men tend to center around shared activities.

  • Relationships among men tend to center around self-disclosure.

  • Relationships among men tend to result in more anxiety-provoking situations.

  • Relationships among men tend to be based around conversation. 

Correct answer: Relationships among men tend to center around shared activities.

The affiliation research of Deaux (1978) and Latane and Bidwell (1977) indicated a degree of gender-bound behavior in affiliative relationships. Relationships among men tended to center around shared activities, as opposed to those among women, which were more based on self-disclosure and verbal communication. The research does not suggest a tendency toward anxiety-provoking situations in affiliation.

172.

A person believes that non-straight people spread disease and are always of low moral character. Which of the following terms matches these ideas? 

  • Homophobia

  • Heterosexism

  • Sexism

Correct answer: Homophobia

Negative or stigmatizing attitudes about people based on their sexual orientation are usually referred to as homophobia; the term also applies to fear of homosexuality itself. 

Heterosexism is more of an ideological system that supports discrimination and injustice directed at persons who are not heterosexual. Sexism refers to discrimination against people based on their identified sex. 

173.

Which of the following statements is false about heterosexism?

  • It is expressed on the cultural, not the individual, level

  • It is expressed in negative attitudes about non-heterosexual relationships 

  • It is expressed through denial about non-heterosexual identity

Correct answer: It is expressed on the cultural, not the individual, level

Heterosexism (Herek & Berrill, 1992) can be expressed on individual and cultural levels. It is an ideological system based on negative attitudes, stigmatization, and denial of non-heterosexual relationships, community, or identity. 

174.

Judith is a clinical psychologist providing services as an individual clinical therapist. She has licensure and long experience, and her patients are generally satisfied with her services. However, Judith subscribes to an area of research that is deeply controversial, new, and not yet established and implements it in her practice. 

According to the APA Code of Conduct, is there a potential ethical issue here? 

  • Yes, as psychologists should use established knowledge 

  • No, as Judith is deemed competent through licensure 

  • No, as psychologists can use eclectic knowledge 

Correct answer: Yes, as psychologists should use established knowledge 

According to the APA Code of Conduct, professional competence requires the use of established—not experimental or eclectic—knowledge in treating patients. Judith's licensure is not relevant as it relates to competence. 

175.

Susan is working with her client Amanda, who is in recovery from alcoholism. Amanda has been sober for four months and has been attending group meetings throughout that time. She still encounters emotional difficulty related to her past but feels she is making good progress. She and Amanda only meet about once a month at this point. 

With which phase is Amanda's preparation congruent?

  • Maintenance

  • Action

  • Contemplation

Correct answer: Maintenance

The Stages of Change model developed by Prochaska and DiClemente (1982) postulates a five-stage model of how people enact change in their lives. In the first stage, precontemplation, the individual may not be aware that change is necessary at all. In the second stage, contemplation, the person is aware enough of their problem to be ambivalent about whether change is necessary. In the third stage of preparation, the individual has actively started to plan around their change and may have taken steps. In the next stage, action, concrete steps have been taken. In the final stage of maintenance, clients work to sustain positive changes.

Since Amanda has a stable pattern of positive change that she is attempting to sustain, the stage of maintenance would seem most applicable. 

176.

The amygdala is often classified as the primary region for identifying what kind of emotions?

  • Negative

  • Calming

  • Human

  • Positive

Correct answer: Negative

Because it is activated in response to threatening stimuli, the amygdala is often classified as the primary region for identifying negative emotions. It is not consistently identified as a place in the brain that is activated due to positive emotions.

Calming emotions are typically thought of as positive, not negative. The amygdala also helps animals identify negative emotions.

177.

Which of the following is the best definition of a teratogen? 

  • Any substance that can negatively affect fetal development

  • Any substance that leads to birth complications 

  • Substances linked to pre-term birth 

  • Substances that enhance fetal development 

Correct answer: Any substance that can negatively affect fetal development

A teratogen is any substance that can have a negative effect on fetal development, such as alcohol, drugs, nicotine, and aspirin. The effects of teratogens can affect physical development. Some effects are immediately recognizable, but others may emerge later in development.

The other options are not the best definition of a teratogen. 

178.

You're a hiring manager tasked with selecting job candidates who will perform optimally in the workplace. Which of the following factors should you view as most important in predicting a candidate's future job performance?

  • Candidates' performance on tests of general cognitive ability

  • Candidates' level of resilience

  • Information provided by job references

  • The degree of optimism candidates show toward the job

Correct answer: Candidates' performance on tests of general cognitive ability

Research has consistently shown that general cognitive ability is the strongest predictor of successful job performance. Therefore, this is the most important factor for a hiring manager to consider.

General cognitive ability has been found to be more important than factors like optimism and resilience for predicting successful job performance.

Information provided by job references is also not the correct answer, since general cognitive abilities are the strongest predictor of successful job performance, per research.

179.

Which of the following clients would most benefit from a combination of Guanfacine and behavioral modification therapy?

  • A 10-year-old child with ADHD

  • A 20-year-old woman experiencing her first episode of schizophrenia 

  • A 50-year-old man experiencing memory loss

  • A 70-year-old woman with depression

Correct answer: A 10-year-old child with ADHD

A child with ADHD would most likely benefit from a combination of Guanfacine and behavioral modification therapy. Guanfacine is a non-stimulant medication used in the treatment of ADHD, but it may not be as beneficial as stimulant medications like Ritalin or Concerta. 

The remaining options are incorrect. A woman with symptoms of schizophrenia may benefit from an antipsychotic medication rather than a non-stimulant ADHD medication. Memory loss is a normal part of the aging process, but some medications called cholinesterase inhibitors can alleviate the symptoms of dementia. An individual with depression would probably benefit from an SSRI or another antidepressant medication rather than a non-stimulant ADHD medication. 

180.

Reality therapy, developed by Glasser, is often categorized as a form of what other type of therapy?

  • Cognitive-behavioral

  • Family systems

  • Dialectical-behavioral

  • Motivational interviewing

Correct answer: Cognitive-behavioral

Reality therapy was first developed by Glasser and is often categorized as a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy. The theory proposes that human behavior is purposeful and originates from within the person rather than the environment.

The remaining options are incorrect, as reality therapy is not a type of family systems therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, or motivational interviewing.

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