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Quiz Session - Attempts With Random Questions

CRCC CRC Exam Questions

Page 3 of 25

41.

When do neurodevelopmental disorders generally manifest?

  • Before the 18th birthday

  • Throughout the lifespan

  • In reaction to a current crisis

  • As an artifact of predevelopmental trauma

Correct answer: Before the 18th birthday 

The neurodevelopmental disorders, as they are referred to in the DSM-5, manifest during the developmental period, or, in other words, they would be expected to develop before the 18th birthday. These include communication disorders such as stuttering, intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorder. 

These disorders are not considered to develop during the lifespan or in reaction to current crises or past trauma.

42.

According to information processing theory, which two of the following are necessary for people to learn about themselves?

  • Interpreting and reconstructing events

  • Interpreting and classifying events

  • Interpreting and analyzing events

Correct answer: Interpreting and reconstructing events 

Information processing theory describes a cognitive approach to career choice and decision-making. Of the many dimensions that make up the schema of information processing in this regard, self-knowledge is considered foundational. Samson (2004) describes self-knowledge as requiring both the interpretation and the reconstruction of events. As one examines one's personal history and interests, one becomes better equipped to make responsible career choices. 

43.

What is the guidance of the American School Counselor's Association (ASCA) on the evaluation of school counseling programs?

  • Outcome data should be gathered

  • Outcome data is of secondary importance

  • Service provision volume data should be gathered

Correct answer: Outcome data should be gathered 

Addressing what it saw as a long-standing problem in the evaluation of school counseling programs, the American School Counselor's Association (ASCA) suggested that, rather than simply gathering data on amount of services provided in terms of volume, more serious attention be given to outcome data. It is becoming more and more important for school counselors to justify their efforts with results that can be proven and provided to those who evaluate the programs.

44.

How is parallel form reliability derived?

  • Administering two types of a test to the same individuals

  • Administering multiple types of a test to different individuals 

  • Administering one type of a test to different individuals

  • Administering two types of a test to different individuals

Correct answer: Administering two types of a test to the same individuals 

Parallel forms reliability is derived by administering two different types of a test to the same individuals. The individuals must be the same, as the measure of reliability attempts to assess variability in item response; this assessment would be invalidated if different people took the same test. Similarly, parallel forms reliability studies two versions of a test, not multiple types. Overall, parallel forms reliability attempts to increase the reliability of the test system. 

45.

Which of the following is generally the focus of family therapy?

  • Patterns of interaction

  • Individual psychopathology

  • Identification of resources

Correct answer: Patterns of interaction 

Family therapy can take many forms, but, overall, the focus of the discipline is the interaction between family members within the family systems. 

As a systems-focused discipline, family therapy may address individual psychopathology of a given member or seek to bring resources into the system when needed; however, as the family is the unit being addressed in therapy, the focus is on the patterns of behavior between members that can be recognized and potentially altered.

46.

What does the research suggest about self-disclosure?

  • The research is conflicting about self-disclosure

  • The research is positive about self-disclosure 

  • The research is negative about self-disclosure 

Correct answer: The research is conflicting about self-disclosure

Self-disclosure, the practice of revealing information about oneself during a counseling session, has mixed reception in the research. Some research suggests that self-disclosure has no positive impact and therefore should not be used, while others make distinctions between present and historical self-disclosure on the part of counselors for the purposes of rapport-building. In the end, a useful guide is to carefully consider if the self-disclosure will help the client, or if it is a purely social effort on the part of the counselor.

47.

How should one deal with hidden agendas in a therapeutic group?

  • Identify and confront them

  • Allow the group to address them

  • Let them remain hidden

  • Question group members individually

Correct answer: Identify and confront them 

Groups may have hidden agendas. That is, there may be some issue or conflict, or even unspoken concern, that will meaningfully affect the work of the group if left unaddressed. In these situations, it is best to spend some time identifying and confronting the issue so that the group's actual work can continue. 

If left to the group, the issue may not emerge into the open soon enough, and the confrontation is best handled within the group process so that the group's members all have a fair chance to comment.

48.

Which of the following would be considered a classist microaggression?

  • Comments about "high-class" dining

  • An assessment of personal poverty 

  • An assessment of family poverty

  • Wearing costly clothes to meet with clients 

Correct answer: Comments about "high-class" dining 

The concept of microaggression is relatively new but has to do with the unconscious expression of unsuitable racist, sexist, or other undesirable attitudes through careless speech. Though the concept had its origin in assessments of racial equity, it can just as well be used to describe such carelessness with respect to people in poverty. Making a reference to "high-class" dining is an example of explicitly referencing a class preference based on wealth. 

Wearing one's own clothes to meet with clients would be less of an example, though counselors should always be aware of the impression their appearance makes. Assessments of poverty per se would not be microaggressive, as they are sometimes necessary and do not necessarily contain derogation. 

49.

Which of the following is congruent with the existential perspective?

  • We are defined by our choices

  • We are defined by our genetics

  • We are defined by our conditioning

  • We are defined by our philosophy

Correct answer: We are defined by our choices 

The existential perspective in counseling is characterized by a concentration on the choices of the individual, which are understood to define the life of any human being. 

The existential perspective focuses on taking responsibility in the current circumstances in which one finds oneself, with less regard for the impact of genetics, behavioral conditioning, or even our stated philosophy. It is what we do that defines us, not what we say we believe, according to the existential perspective. 

50.

What is the developmental theme of adolescence?

  • Identity and value clarification

  • Attachment with core figures

  • Establishment of family

  • Career preparation

Correct answer: Identity and value clarification 

Adolescence seems to be characterized across diverse groups as a time when the focus is on the developing individual's clarification of their own identity and their values, both of which would be expected to concretize in some form during this period. Though a time of substantial stress and bodily change, it is also a time of significant cognitive growth. 

Attachment with core figures will have ideally happened much earlier in childhood, and the establishment of family, in most cases, after adolescence is complete. Though no doubt many adolescents are considering it during adolescence, career preparation at this stage is far from universal.

51.

Would homework be appropriate for a psychoeducational group?

  • Yes, in many circumstances

  • No, under no circumstances

  • Only if the group is not achieving its aim

Correct answer: Yes, in many circumstances 

A psychoeducational group is one in which a specific skill set, knowledge area, or research topic is shared with a group. The goal is to increase the level of knowledge among group members about the topic, and such a group often engages in homework in the form of knowledge assessments and other kinds of ways to ensure the goal of the group is being reached. 

Homework is ancillary to the function of the group and is not prescribed due to failure of the group in any way.

52.

What does "linking" refer to in a group modality?

  • Relating one group member's input to another 

  • Relating the group's experiences to each other as a whole

  • Relating the group's input to current events

Correct answer: Relating one group member's input to another 

It is important to ensure that group work is interactive and that group members see the value of their experiences in relation to that of other group members. One way to accomplish this is linking, which is the technique of taking one group member's input and relating it directly to the experience of another. 

The technique is not focused on relating the entire experience of the group to itself, nor is it in reference to the external world, but is a means of fostering the therapeutic value of the group modality.

53.

What is the "Glossary of Cultural Concepts of Distress"?

  • An appendix to the DSM-5

  • An assessment tool published by the ACA

  • A reference work for psychologists

  • An advocacy document authored by the NASW

Correct answer: An appendix to the DSM-5

There are a variety of mental health diagnoses and indices of distress that seem culture-bound. Acknowledging that clinicians should be armed with the best information to provide culturally relevant care, the DSM-5 now contains a section, the Glossary of Cultural Concepts of Distress, that describes unique cultural factors and means of expression of mental disorders. 

The Glossary is intended for any practitioner using the DSM-5 and is not a product of the ACA or NASW.

54.

In a practical sense, why is hope essential to therapeutic work?

  • It suggests a future where change is included 

  • It is a good sign the client wishes to remain alive 

  • It enhances a client's self-esteem

  • It enhances a client's physical health 

Correct answer: It suggests a future where change is included 

Though clients and counselors often discuss hope as a concept, its practical and diagnostic use is often left out of the dialogue. From the counselor's point of view, the expression of hope is valuable because it suggests a client has some future time orientation; it's also true that some degree of hope may help a client's self-esteem and their physical health. However, in practical terms, hope is the essential precursor to change in that, without it, it's hard to suggest to a person that they make a change. In other words, hope is the notion of a possible, changed future that is positive in character. 

55.

What is the most common academic level of preparation for working counselors? 

  • Master's degree 

  • Bachelor's degree 

  • Doctorate degree

Correct answer: Master's degree 

Most working counselors are prepared academically at the master's level, with the specific discipline being variable, and the credentialing process at the state level covering any academic gaps. 

Bachelor's level counselors are not unknown, but most working counselors proceed to the master's level before practicing. There are doctorate level counselors, but the discipline of the doctorate usually involves a different credentialing than counseling. 

56.

Which of the following statements would be consistent with Ceci's bioecological theory?

  • Intelligence is best defined within specific domains

  • Intelligence is essentially formed at birth

  • Intelligence is a totality to be measured as such

  • Intelligence is the same for everyone at birth

Correct answer: Intelligence is best defined within specific domains 

Ceci (1990, 1993) and other bioecological theorists contend that there are no intelligent people per se; there are simply those in whom certain domains are more developed. According to bioecological theorists, intelligence develops in separate, discrete areas and not as a global totality; it is highly responsive to which domain of intelligence is"trained" in a given environment.

57.

Which of the following would be most congruent with the cognitive information-processing approach to career development?

  • Emphasizing decision-making skills

  • Making ranked lists of choices 

  • Maximizing career achievements 

Correct answer: Emphasizing decision-making skills 

The cognitive information-processing approach to career development encompasses five sequential decision-making skills: communication, analysis, synthesis, valuing, and execution (CASVE). This approach stresses understanding decision-making to process self-knowledge and occupational knowledge. 

Making ranked lists of choices and maximizing career achievements are valuable in career development but are not explicitly associated with the cognitive information-processing approach.

58.

What was meant by assimilation, according to Piaget?

  • Incorporating new information into an existing cognitive structure

  • Accepting new people as family members

  • Rejecting new information unless it fits the established schema

  • Accepting some sensory input while rejecting others

Correct answer: Incorporating new information into an existing cognitive structure 

Jean Piaget suggested that assimilation was one of the mechanics of the acquisition of intelligence. The concept refers to how new information in the environment is incorporated into an existing schema, or cognitive-organizational structure. 

The concept has little to do with family per se and is not limited to only sensory information.

59.

Which of the following is the most pressing issue regarding student participation in research?

  • Power differentials

  • Unsafe research design

  • Plagiarism

Correct answer: Power differentials 

Students, whether or not they are officially recognized or assigned specific roles, tend to be the main helpers when research is done. In light of this fact, various rules are in place to help protect them. Most of these boil down to managing the power differential between principal investigator and students. Many times, students will be doing research for a professor who is either someone with direct influence over their academic career or a faculty member who might have some influence in an indirect capacity. 

Unsafe research design and plagiarism are also concerns, but the power differential is what most of the ethical rules around research seek to mitigate. 

60.

What is the most likely cause of content bias?

  • Indiscriminate content selection

  • Observer bias

  • Participant bias

  • Instrumental error

Correct answer: Indiscriminate content selection 

Content bias in research refers to how the contents of a given instrument or evaluative technique contain content-related features that skew results. The most likely cause of such bias is indiscriminate content selection. Content that does not account for multicultural differences, or that is easy to misinterpret or can be interpreted differently, can easily lead to content bias. 

The issue is not observer bias, participant bias, or instrumental error, but a problem with what is in the instrument or technique. 

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