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Quiz Session - Attempts With Random Questions

NBCC NCE Exam Questions

Page 6 of 43

101.

In his book The Seasons of a Man's Life, Daniel Levinson presents his Stage-Crisis View theory, which examines the typical periods in a man's life. What does Levinson say about midlife crises?

  • They are part of normal, healthy development

  • They are often the main cause of divorce and other relationship disruptions

  • They are experienced by every man and woman

  • They are social constructs that must be avoided

Correct answer: They are part of normal, healthy development

Daniel Levinson was a 20th-century American psychologist whose studies focused on typical stages in his adult subjects' lives. Levinson's Stage-Crisis View theory posits that there are predictable, stable, and transitional periods in life and that the social conflicts that arise during these periods must be resolved. He proposed that midlife crises are not only common but are part of normal, healthy development.

102.

What is a goal that group members of a person-centered group may have?

  • Increase self-understanding and explore a full range of feelings

  • Become free of scripts and games

  • Take responsibility for one's life

  • Increase self-acceptance and move past self-defeating behaviors

Correct answer: Increase self-understanding and explore a full range of feelings

Person-centered groups typically encourage openness and an exploration of a full range of feelings. Techniques include active listening and reflection rather than structured techniques found in other types of groups. The focus of person-centered groups is on increasing self-understanding and personal insight. 

103.

All of the following are true regarding Aaron Beck's theory of depression except:

  • Depression usually stems from early childhood trauma

  • Internal communication of depressed people is negatively focused

  • The cause of depression can be a combination of genetic and environmental factors

  • Cognitive therapy helps more to alleviate depression than antidepressant medication

Correct answer: Depression usually stems from early childhood trauma

Aaron Beck is the main contributor to the field of cognitive therapy. He identified the concept of automatic thoughts in clients and their contribution to negative cognitive shifts. Beck believed that depression was caused by biological, genetic, personality, and stress factors. While Beck might agree that early childhood trauma could contribute to a current depressive state, this was not something articulated in his theories.

104.

Which of the following would be an example of implosive therapy? 

  • A client with a fear of flying imagining a plane crash in the therapist's office 

  • A client bringing their partner to therapy to explore their conflict 

  • A client being forced to examine their life choices critically 

  • A client being asked to relive their crisis in the therapist's office 

Correct answer: A client with a fear of flying imagining a plane crash in the therapist's office 

Implosive therapy is a behaviorist technique meant to desensitize a client to a feared stimulus. One example would be a client with a fear of flying imagining a plane crash in the safe environment of a therapist's office. This would likely be followed by more iterations with the goal of reducing experienced distress.

Implosive therapy generally does not involve others, nor would it usually ask a client to critically examine their life choices. It would most likely not ask a client to relive a crisis unless that crisis was in some way a current source of fear or distress.

105.

The Drama Triangle, developed by Stephen Karpman, is helpful when understanding destructive interactions that occur between individuals in conflict. What three roles are included in the Drama Triangle?

  • Victim, persecutor, and rescuer

  • Helper, enabler, and perpetrator

  • Ego, superego, and id

  • Talker, listener, and ignorer

Correct answer: Victim, persecutor, and rescuer

Karpman's ideas about why drama-intense relationships continue can be helpful for counselors working with clients. The Drama Triangle forms when three individuals take on the roles of victim, persecutor, and rescuer. Karpman's theory suggests that conflict arises when one person takes on the role of victim or persecutor, and others step in to fill other roles due to each person's unmet psychological needs.

106.

Which of the following is the treatment priority for those diagnosed with dissociative disorders?

  • Establishing a safe and stable environment 

  • Creating a sense of reality 

  • Engaging with different dissociative personas

  • Assessing the nature of contributing trauma

Correct answer: Establishing a safe and stable environment 

Often, the treatment of those diagnosed with dissociative disorders involves establishing a safe and stable environment. This is due to the usual origin of these disorders in trauma and acute distress. Providers must treat these disorders with special attention for possible self-harm and injurious behavior.

The other choices may form items of later treatment planning. 

107.

After having a group discussion, group members agree on a less conservative course of action than they would have taken individually. This is known as:

  • risky shift phenomenon

  • triangulation

  • linking

  • blocking

Correct answer: risky shift phenomenon

Risky shift phenomenon occurs when a group makes decisions that are riskier and less conservative due to group discussions. This is a common occurrence in groups, as shared risk makes the individual risk less. Studies also show that extensive discussion about a particularly risky course of action tends to lessen perceived risk.

108.

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, what controls the choice of morals in the post-conventional stage? 

  • The self 

  • Society 

  • The family 

  • Fear of punishment

Correct answer: The self 

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested three stages of moral development. The first stage, preconventional, would be characterized by a fear of punishment guiding moral choices. The second, conventional, would be characterized by an adherence to society's standards. The last, post-conventional, means that the self is able to construct a prosocial morality of its own.

109.

"Generation X" refers to individuals born between 1965 and 1976. Which of the following characterizes this group?

  • Wanting exciting jobs and keeping options open

  • Multiculturally inclusive and self-confident

  • Goal-oriented and civic-minded

  • Preferring traditional marriage roles and linear career paths

Correct answer: Wanting exciting jobs and keeping options open

Generation Xers were born between 1965 and 1976 and are also called the "baby busters." This generation is typically characterized by wanting the facts and the right answers, wanting exciting jobs, seeking stimulation, and keeping options open. Generation X was followed by Generation Y, or the Millennial Generation, which is multiculturally inclusive, self-confident, goal-oriented, and civic-minded.

110.

A college student has known for a while that she wants to be a biologist. She is currently taking classes to determine which area of biology she wants to pursue in her career. This individual is in the process of completing which vocational development task, according to Donald Super?

  • Specification

  • Crystallization

  • Implementation

  • Stabilization

Correct answer: Specification

Donald Super's explanation of career development consists of vocational development stages and vocational development tasks. The vocational development tasks are crystallization (forming a vocational goal), specification (moving to a more specific career choice), implementation (entering employment), stabilization (performing a job), and consolidation (achieving status and advancing). This student is performing the task of specification, when individuals move from more general career interests to a specific vocational choice.

111.

In which age category is self-concept first stabilized?

  • Adolescence 

  • Preschool

  • 2 years 

  • Birth

Correct answer: Adolescence 

A person's self-concept is defined as their perceptions and beliefs about their qualities, attributes, and traits. At birth, virtually no self-concept exists, but by 24 months, self-recognition has set in, and differentiation from others is a cognitive exercise. A preschool-aged person does not have a stable self-concept yet, but what they have is concrete and physical. 

In adolescence, in light of all the influences from culture, peers, family, and the environment, a stable self-concept is first realized.

112.

Which of the following is true regarding contextualism?

  • It is based on the idea that an individual cannot be separated from their environment

  • It uses psychodynamic techniques such as interpretation

  • It focuses on how societal norms influence individuals' experiences

  • It is the belief that individuals make decisions based on their cognitive, rather than emotional, experiences

Correct answer: It is based on the idea that an individual cannot be separated from their environment

Proponents of contextualism believe that career development results from constant interaction between the individual, the environment, and the dynamics between individual and environment. Contextualists assert that individuals cannot be separated from their environments and that reality is created by individuals' perceptions and ways of organizing information. From a contextualism standpoint, the goal of career counseling is for the individual to make sense of their situation.

113.

Which of the following would not be a focus of assertiveness training? 

  • Ability to describe trauma related to passivity

  • Ability to express all emotions 

  • Ability to express one's rights without violating those of others 

  • Ability to know the difference between aggression and assertion

Correct answer: Ability to describe trauma related to passivity 

Assertiveness training seeks to help an individual express all their emotions, express their own rights without violating those of others, and know the difference between assertion and aggression. It does not focus as much on the past, including assessments of how trauma may or may not have contributed to a more passive character; rather, it is a skill-building technique related to expression in present reality. 

114.

Which of the following is a legal concept?

  • Privileged communication

  • Confidentiality

  • Reciprocity

  • Disclosure

Correct answer: Privileged communication

Privileged communication is a legal term that refers to the fact that in a court of law the counselor does not have to reveal what the client said during counseling sessions. However, counselors are obligated to break privileged communication in several situations, including times when the client is a danger to himself or others, when child abuse or neglect is suspected, when a client asks that counseling records be released, when a lawsuit is filed against the counselor, when involuntary hospitalization is considered, when supervision of the counselor is taking place, or when the counselor's records are subpoenaed by a judge.

115.

What is the best example of compassion fatigue?

  • Loss of empathy and interest in clients 

  • Having inappropriate feelings toward clients

  • Hyper-engaged focus on clients 

  • Greater countertransference with clients 

Correct answer: Loss of empathy and interest in clients 

Compassion fatigue is a phenomenon common to counselors who see difficult client issues and a lack of progress. It is most commonly evidenced by a loss of empathy and interest in clients.

Compassion fatigue is not marked by inappropriate feelings toward clients, being hyper-engaged with clients, or having greater countertransference with clients. 

116.

Which of the following examples would be illustrative of the concept of learned helplessness? 

  • A person who has been abused many times gives up resistance to abuse 

  • A person witnesses their parent being abused and does not resist abuse 

  • A person intellectually processes abuse so that their resistance fades 

  • A person becomes passively psychotic when abuse reaches a certain threshold 

Correct answer: A person who has been abused many times gives up resistance to abuse 

First known by this name in the work of Martin Seligman, the concept of learned helplessness refers to the way in which an individual, after experiencing many negatives without relief over a subjectively long period, ceases resistance and shows signs of depression and withdrawal. Thus, a person who has been abused many times and gives up resistance (since resistance has been demonstrated to be hopeless) is a good example of the phenomenon.

The other examples do not illustrate an individual learning to be helpless through their own experiences, and the concept does not involve psychosis.

117.

According to Adler, what is true about birth order?

  • It results in psychological differences between siblings 

  • It has no meaningful effect on sibling psychology 

  • It is responsible for sibling rivalry 

  • It results in psychological distress for younger siblings 

Correct answer: It results in psychological differences between siblings 

Alfred Adler was one of the first thinkers to identify and detail the importance of birth order among siblings in the same household. Generally, according to Adler, birth order results in a different psychological environment for each child and different psychological attributes among siblings to meet the needs of a changing family over time.

Birth order is not seen, in this perspective, as being responsible for sibling rivalry, and the phenomenon may or may not result in distress for younger siblings. 

118.

Arthur Jensen believed that what factor was the most powerful indicator of intelligence?

  • Genetics

  • Environment

  • Personality traits

  • Socioeconomic status

Correct answer: Genetics

Arthur Jensen, an educational psychologist, was known for his contributions to psychometrics and the exploration of why individuals differ behaviorally from each other. His work is controversial, as he believed that genetic factors are the most powerful indicators of intelligence. Jensen wrote many publications about the g factor, the general intelligence factor, which he posited is highly correlated with biology and heritability.

119.

Which of the following is the purpose of a biopsychosocial assessment? 

  • To assess various domains of a client's functioning taken together 

  • To give a snapshot of the patient's current functioning

  • To evaluate the client's presence and role in systems 

  • To assess for possible medical issues such as diabetes and neurological problems

Correct answer: To assess various domains of a client's functioning taken together 

A biopsychosocial assessment, sometimes called a biopsychosocial history, is a thorough assessment of a client in various domains. These include biological and medical information, social information about relationships and cultural issues, and psychological factors such as emotions, self-concept, and coping skills. 

A biopsychosocial assessment is broader than a snapshot of a patient's current functioning and does more than evaluate a patient's role in systems and their medical issues. 

120.

Which of the following clients would be a good choice for the intervention of rational emotive imagery?

  • A client who is nervous in interpersonal interactions

  • A client who is struggling to control their thoughts 

  • A client who has been deeply depressed for years 

  • A client who has extreme highs and lows of mood 

Correct answer: A client who is nervous in interpersonal interactions 

Rational emotive imagery is a technique often used in rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT). It involves having the client imagine a threatening circumstance, and then approaching that circumstance with logical thought instead of an emotional response.

Clients who have thought disorders or struggle with mood/depression would be poor choices, unless the focus would be on an individual, threatening life circumstance that would benefit from analysis. 

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