×

Quiz Session - Attempts With Random Questions

NBCC NCE Exam Questions

Page 7 of 43

121.

Which of the following is an example of a counselor structuring for a client?

  • Defining the limits, goals, and nature of the counseling process

  • Deciding with the client which intervention to use

  • Instructing the client to remain silent while the counselor speaks

  • Telling the client ahead of time what to expect out of the next session

Correct answer: Defining the limits, goals, and nature of the counseling process

In order to convey messages clearly to clients and to create a safe, secure space for them to share during sessions, counselors should define the nature, limits, and goals of the counseling process. This process is called structuring and may also include a description of the roles of the client and counselor.

122.

Which of the following would be the most likely intervention used in neobehaviorism?

  • A person modeling competence in a desired behavior

  • A person getting hypnotized to resolve a habit

  • A person engaging in dream analysis 

  • A person describing a traumatic event 

Correct answer: A person modeling competence in a desired behavior

The school of neobehaviorism, connected with the work of Albert Bandura, suggests that human beings are both producers and products of conditioning. Bandura and this school stress the importance of social learning as an influence and driver of human behavior. In a therapeutic context, this might manifest as a person modeling competence in a desired behavior.

The other choices do not deal with social learning and are more concerned with internal processing, which is uncharacteristic of neobehaviorism.

123.

If a person is undergoing aversive treatment, what does this mean? 

  • The person is experiencing punishment as an aspect of treatment

  • The person is experiencing rewards as an aspect of treatment 

  • The person is experiencing immersive inpatient treatment 

  • The person is experiencing occasional outpatient treatment 

Correct answer: The person is experiencing punishment as an aspect of treatment

Aversive treatment is aimed at reducing a behavior, generally by adding a punishment. An example would be the treatment of alcoholism with Antabuse, which produces great discomfort when alcohol is ingested. 

Aversive treatment does not involve the frequency or setting of treatment, and it would not involve rewards. 

124.

All of the following are provisions included in IDEA (2004), except:

  • Children with handicaps who attend public schools must be placed in the most restrictive environment

  • All children between 3 and 21 must be given free public education

  • Children with handicaps who attend public school must be given an IEP

  • Children with disabilities who attend private schools are eligible for special education services

Correct answer: Children with handicaps who attend public schools must be placed in the most restrictive environment

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 (IDEA) is meant to give protection to children with disabilities in the public school system. IDEA requires that all children between three and 21 be given free public education, children with handicaps who attend public school must be given an IEP (Individualized Education Plan), and children with disabilities who attend private schools are eligible for special education services.

IDEA aimed to place children with handicaps in the least, not most, restrictive environments possible.

125.

A counselor working at a college regularly provides group therapy for students. The counselor is curious to know whether a particular curriculum produces improved social skills for students with high-functioning autism. The counselor explains to group participants that she is collecting data on their scores through self-evaluations completed by them. After the final data is collected, the counselor sees that participants' scores on the self-evaluations improved drastically over the course of the intervention. However, the counselor is concerned that the scores were heavily influenced by participants' knowledge that the counselor was conducting research. This counselor is appropriately concerned about what threat to external validity?

  • Hawthorne effect

  • Placebo effect

  • Experimenter bias

  • Attrition

Correct answer: Hawthorne effect

External validity is the degree to which study results can be applied to populations outside of the study. There are many threats to external validity, including the Hawthorne effect (which is also a threat to internal validity). This is the influence on performance that can occur when subjects know they are being observed, and it can greatly affect their responses. Researchers should pay attention to the reactivity of subjects to determine how greatly results are being affected.

126.

According to the work of Alfred Adler, which of the following would be characteristic of an oldest child?

  • Receives a lot of attention, is dependable and responsible 

  • Pampered, tends to go their own way

  • Deals with adults well, wants to be center stage

  • Feels left out, sees life as unfair 

Correct answer: Receives a lot of attention, is dependable and responsible 

Alfred Adler postulated a range of attributes according to the birth order in a family. Oldest children, according to this view, get a lot of attention, tend to be dependable and responsible, and are achievement-oriented.

Youngest children tend to be pampered and go their own way, only children tend to deal with adults well and want center stage, and middle children can feel left out and see life as unfair. 

127.

Object relations theory is the belief that early relationships shape people's current interactions with others. Of the four stages of development defined by object relations theory, which of these occurs in the first month of life?

  • Fusion with mother

  • Symbiosis

  • Separation/individuation

  • Constancy of self and object

Correct answer: Fusion with mother

Object relations theory is based on psychoanalytic concepts, as it asserts that relationships that we form early in life affect our interpersonal interactions with others in the present. There are four stages of development that should be navigated in the first three years of life: fusion with mother (first three to four weeks), symbiosis (third to eighth month), separation/individuation (begins the fourth or fifth month), and constancy of self and object (occurs by the 36th month).

128.

Which of the following counselors' approaches is most likely to have been influenced by the work of Savickas?

  • A counselor who encourages her clients to be flexible workers and to pursue freelance work when possible

  • A counselor who sees himself as an expert who relies heavily on inventories

  • A counselor who meets with clients in a group format so individuals can share their ideas with each other

  • A counselor who asks the client's family for input about feasible career choices

Correct answer: A counselor who encourages her clients to be flexible workers and to pursue freelance work when possible

Mark Savickas is known for his postmodern approach to career counseling that is based on construction theory, which posits that individuals construct their own reality. Savickas' approach considers the changing nature of the workplace and the move toward flexible work schedules and more freelance employment.

129.

What type of assessment is most often included as part of a job application?

  • Aptitude

  • Achievement

  • Intelligence

  • Personality

Correct answer: Aptitude

Many types of tests and inventories are used for a variety of purposes. Aptitude tests measure the capacity of the test taker to learn and are often used as part of job applications. These tests measure abstract, verbal, and numerical reasoning. Examples are the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) and the Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test.

Achievement tests measure educational knowledge, intelligence tests measure cognitive potential, and personality tests measure individuals' unconscious desires and anxieties as well as personality traits.

130.

In most research studies, who should have access to the data?

  • The researchers and research assistants only

  • All of the study participants

  • The general public

  • Members of the IRB that approved the study

Correct answer: The researchers and research assistants only

Much like in counseling practice, issues of confidentiality arise in research as well. Only researchers and research assistants gathering data should have access to information obtained on subjects during the study. Information gathered during studies should only be released to others with the written consent of the subjects.

131.

All the following are criticisms of Kübler-Ross's stages, except:

  • The stages negate the importance of the person feeling angry about their illness

  • The stages do not adequately represent the complexity of the dying person's feelings

  • The stages do not always occur in the same linear fashion

  • The stages do not take into consideration the fact that feelings can be recurring

Correct answer: The stages negate the importance of the person feeling angry about their illness

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross is known for her research and development of the five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Traditionally, therapists believed that all grief moves chronologically through these stages, but recent research shows that most people skip or come back to stages throughout the process of grieving.

Criticisms include the assertion that the stages do not adequately represent the complexity of the dying person's feelings and that the stages do not take into consideration the fact that feelings can be recurring.

132.

After data is collected and plotted, a researcher notices that the distribution of scores in a study has much more variability at the beginning than at the end. This is known as:

  • heteroscedasticity

  • inter-rater reliability

  • rank-order correlation

  • homoscedasticity

Correct answer: heteroscedasticity

There are numerous ways the distribution of scores can fall along a graph. Heteroscedasticity refers to times when, for many different reasons, one end of a distribution of scores has more variability than the other end, resulting in a fan-like appearance. Homoscedasticity, on the other hand, refers to times when scores are equally distributed throughout the range.

133.

Is language or paralanguage considered more accurate?

  • Paralanguage 

  • Language

  • They are both considered equally accurate 

  • Neither is considered accurate 

Correct answer: Paralanguage 

While language is generally understood to mean the lexical content of a message, there are many categories of messages outside explicit content. In fact, paralanguage, which refers to almost everything but the lexical content of the message, is considered to be more accurate. Paralanguage would include factors like tone, volume, speed, and silence, among many others. 

134.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) both measure all the following, except:

  • The effects of learning on an individual

  • Cognitive ability

  • The ability to think in abstract terms

  • The ability to adapt to the environment

Correct answer: The effects of learning on an individual

Counselors should be familiar with the types of tests and inventories that may be given to individuals to assess for a variety of factors, such as intelligence, achievement, aptitude, personality, and interests.

Intelligence tests, including the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV), measure a person's cognitive ability to think in abstract terms and adapt to the environment.

Achievement tests, on the other hand, measure the effects of learning on an individual.

135.

Which of the following is true regarding the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974?

  • It allows students, age 18 and older, to access information in their educational records

  • It permits students under the age of 18 to prevent parents from seeing their educational records

  • The intent of the act was to prevent students from restricting parents' access to records

  • It allows parents of students under 18 to access their counseling records

Correct answer: It allows students, age 18 and older, to access information in their educational records

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), also known as the Buckley Amendment, was created with the intent of protecting the privacy of students. FERPA allows students age 18 and older to access information in their educational records, not necessarily their counseling records. FERPA also allows parents of students under age 18 to access educational records.

136.

Sara is a 22-year-old woman who has just graduated from college. She does not currently have a romantic partner but would like to find someone special, get married, and have children in the next five to ten years. What stage of Erikson's psychosocial development is Sara going through?

  • Intimacy versus isolation

  • Generativity versus stagnation

  • Integrity versus despair

  • Industry versus inferiority

Correct answer: Intimacy versus isolation

According to Erikson, intimacy versus isolation is a stage in early adulthood when the young adult seeks intimate relationships and is tasked with either giving up some independence or becoming lonely and isolated. Generativity versus stagnation occurs in middle adulthood when adults desire to contribute to society and produce something valuable. Integrity versus despair occurs during later adulthood when older adults view life as either meaningful or full of regrets. Industry versus inferiority occurs during latency (ages six to eleven) when children are tasked with mastering social and academic skills.

137.

What would be the least common diagnostic factor found among those diagnosed with a substance use issue?

  • Psychosis 

  • Social isolation 

  • Suicidal impulses 

  • Anxiety

Correct answer: Psychosis 

People diagnosed with substance use issues come from all backgrounds, cultures, and comorbidities. Many common factors are seen among those diagnosed with substance use issues, such as a tendency toward social isolation, suicidal impulses, and anxiety. 

Psychosis is less diagnostic of substance use itself, although psychosis can be a result of use and is present in those with a comorbid thought disorder.  

138.

According to the work of Margaret Mahler, what is symbiosis? 

  • The essential bond between a mother and a child 

  • The relationship a child has with their environment

  • The way a child and a mother support each other psychologically

  • The way a family bonds around a child 

Correct answer: The essential bond between a mother and a child 

According to the work of Margaret Mahler, there is a critical period of time early in a child's development in which there is an essential bond between mother and child. Known as symbiosis, it amounts to the child being wholly dependent on and trusting of the mother. If this relationship is disrupted, the psychological consequences are dramatic and can involve psychosis.

The term does not refer to a child's relationship with their environment, the way a child and mother support each other, or the way a family bonds around a child. 

139.

Which of the following is characteristic of what Jean Piaget means by adaptation? 

  • Allowing new information into established ideas 

  • Being able to learn new cognitive skills 

  • Learning emotional regulation from others 

  • Forming bonds outside the family unit

Correct answer: Allowing new information into established ideas 

Jean Piaget's concept of adaptation refers to the ability of a person to allow new information into established ideas. An example might be a child understanding that all families do not match their definition of family. This process is also known as assimilation. 

This concept does not refer to cognitive skill development, emotional regulation, or attachment/bonding.

140.

Which of the following is a possible threat to external validity, but not to internal validity?

  • Ecological validity

  • Selection of subjects

  • Experimenter bias

  • Placebo effect

Correct answer: Ecological validity

External validity refers to the degree to which study results can be applied to populations outside the study. Ecological validity refers to whether the study can be generalized to another setting; sometimes the environment, location, or condition of research studies is so unique that it is impossible to replicate results to a more real-world setting.

×