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Quiz Session - Attempts With Random Questions

NLN CNE Exam Questions

Page 7 of 25

121.

A group of nurse educators are embarking on curriculum development. They have carefully reviewed the mission statement of both the institution and the nursing program, and are now attempting to identify the organizing framework they will use as the model for building their curriculum. Basic models they may consider include all of the following except:

  • Experiential model

  • Curriculum model

  • Integrated model

  • Discipline model

Correct answer: Experiential model

Nursing knowledge and content is increasing at an exponential rate, making it challenging for nursing curricula to remain up-to-date and current. Content must be eliminated quickly if found to be out-of-date or even obsolete, just as new information and the results of new nursing research need to be rapidly integrated into revised nursing curricula. The model chosen on which to build nursing curricula provides the student with the basis for their impression of nursing. Basic models include the following:

  • curriculum model, in which students learn the disciplines inherent to the profession; may take on various forms, such as medical models
    • nursing courses would include Medical Surgical Nursing, Pediatric Nursing, Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, etc.
    • the steps of the nursing process would be built into each traditional course
  • integrated model, in which problems such as circulatory, respiratory, and orthopedic care are addressed; it addresses the problems at all levels of development (infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, elderly)
    • nursing courses using an integrated model would include titles such as Circulatory Problems Across the Lifespan, or Care of the Infant
  • discipline model or nursing theorist model, in which curriculum is developed from the use of a conceptual model of nursing, such as Levine, Orem, Neuman, or Roy, or designed by the faculty from an intuited image of nursing; nursing courses are specifically designed for the model
    • nursing courses in the discipline model are integrated into the concepts of the theory used

Experiential model is not a type of curriculum model.

122.

The term "assessment," as used in the context of assessing in academic nursing education, can be defined as which of the following?

  • Criteria that provide information about a student's abilities before, during, and after completion of a course

  • The term assessment can be used interchangeably with the term evaluation and refers to measures that provide information about a student's abilities

  • Appraising the quality of a student's learning

  • The term assessment is synonymous with the word measurement and is defined as a process of assigning numbers to represent student achievement

Correct answer: Criteria that provide information about a student's abilities before, during, and after completion of a course

Assessment and evaluation are concepts central to nursing education and are not used interchangeably. Assessment refers to criteria that provide information about a student's abilities before, during, and after completion of a learning program. It includes both qualitative and quantitative data which the nurse educator can use to provide feedback to students and to determine if they have satisfactorily met outcome goals and competencies.

The term "evaluation" is not defined as criteria that provide information about a student's abilities, nor can it be used interchangeably with the term "assessment." Evaluation is defined as appraising the quality of a student's learning.

The term "assessment" is not synonymous with the word "measurement," which is defined as a process of assigning numbers to represent student achievement.

123.

Which of the following statements regarding item discrimination is correct?

  • Item discrimination is the best indicator of the quality of a test item

  • Item discrimination is most robustly measured by the item discrimination ratio (IDR)

  • Item discrimination reflects how all students answered a specific item on an exam

  • Item discrimination determines which students have learned at a higher level and which students have learned at a lower level

Correct answer: Item discrimination is the best indicator of the quality of a test item

Item discrimination is a crucial statistic in the analysis of exam effectiveness. It is considered to be the best indicator of the quality of a test item, as it shows the item's ability to distinguish between high-scoring and low-scoring students. It is assumed that students with higher test scores are more likely to answer specific items correctly than lower-scoring students; if a student with a higher test score answers an item correctly, while a student with a lower test score answers the item incorrectly, the item is said to discriminate, or distinguish between, the students who do and do not know the item material.

Item discrimination is most robustly measured by the point biserial correlation coefficient (PBCC); the item discrimination ratio (IDR) is another method of item discrimination and is more easily calculated than the PBCC.

Item discrimination reflects how the students who scored the highest on the entire exam answered a specific item on an exam.

An effective test item will discriminate between students who have learned at a higher level and students who have learned at a lower level.

124.

A doctoral nursing student has been preparing her thesis on thermoregulation in infants born to diabetic mothers. Through literature review and collection of specific data points from a subset (n=67) of infants born to diabetic mothers, the student has confirmed that infants born to diabetic mothers are more likely than infants born to non-diabetic mothers to exhibit signs of hypoglycemia manifest by temperature instability. She has furthermore applied and analyzed this data and then evaluated it by comparing her findings to the literature, and is completing her thesis by developing a new strategy to combat the development of temperature instability as a result of hypoglycemia. This student is operating using:

  • The six hierarchies of Bloom's cognitive domain

  • Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory

  • Gasper's Developmental Thinking Theory

  • Clark's Transition to Higher Learning Theory

Correct answer: The six hierarchies of Bloom's cognitive domain

Bloom's Taxonomy is commonly used to provide focus for the delivery of education in academic nursing. Bloom has identified three domains—cognitive, psychomotor, and affective—toward which learning activities are directed. In the first domain, cognitive, the learner must move through six progressively more complex levels, or hierarchies, of learning. In this scenario, the doctoral student has demonstrated mastery of all six hierarchies of learning:

  • remembering or learning basic knowledge about infants born to diabetic mothers, then
  • being able to understand, or explain, the connection between hyperglycemia in newly parous diabetic women and hypoglycemia in their infants, then
  • applying this knowledge to the clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia in the neonate, then
  • analyzing these clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia and
  • evaluating the current practices in healthcare for preventing or treating hypoglycemia, followed by
  • creating, or developing, a new strategy to combat the development of temperature instability in the hypoglycemic neonate born to diabetic mothers

Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory is not demonstrated in this scenario. 

Neither Gasper's Developmental Thinking Theory nor Clark's Transition to Higher Learning Theory are actual learning theories.

125.

Which of the following statements regarding the academic nurse educator's (ANE) membership in professional nursing organizations is most accurate?

  • Membership in a professional nursing organization provides opportunities for addressing trends in academic nursing education

  • Membership in a nursing education organization, such as the National League for Nursing (NLN), is most important

  • Membership in a professional nursing organization can specifically aid in transitioning an ANE from teaching using a content-based curriculum to using a concept-based curriculum

  • Membership in a nursing education organization is required to provide opportunities for the ANE to partake in leadership roles

Correct answer: Membership in a professional nursing organization provides opportunities for addressing trends in academic nursing education

Membership in a professional nursing organization is highly recommended for all ANEs. Membership is two-fold, and should include membership to both clinical practice organizations and nursing education organizations, such as the NLN. While membership in a professional nursing organization can aid in transitioning from teaching using a content-based curriculum to a concept-based curriculum, this is but one of the many recent changes in nursing education (increased use of technology, use of simulation and online coursework, competency-based nursing education, etc.) that is addressed with membership in a professional nursing organization. Membership also provides an opportunity for the ANE to participate in leadership opportunities within the professional nursing organization if desired.

126.

Nursing faculty are reviewing the statistical analysis of an exam given to students taking an Introduction to Nursing course. Upon reviewing the item difficulty factor based on the attached table, which of the following statements is correct?

Item NumberDifficulty (p-value)
10.55
20.30
30.63
40.27

  • Both items 1 and 2 have an acceptable level of difficulty

  • Both items 3 and 4 have an acceptable level of difficulty

  • Only items 1 and 3 have an acceptable level of difficulty

  • Items 2 and 4 need to be revised

Correct answer: Both items 1 and 2 have an acceptable level of difficulty

Exam difficulty can be determined through review of mean, median, and mode. Item difficulty, measured as p-value, should fall within a range of 30 to 90 percent in order to be considered an acceptable level of difficulty. Level of difficulty of exam items should vary in order to effectively measure the students' differing levels of learning mastery. Item difficulty range is reported as 0.00 to 1.00.

According to the item difficulty in this scenario, the following statements are true:

  1. Items 1, 2, and 3 all have an acceptable level of difficulty.
  2. Item 4 falls below the lowest acceptable level of difficulty (0.30).
  3. Item 4 should be revised or discarded.

127.

A nurse educator who is overseeing five students at their clinical site on a general medical unit is preparing post-conference learning material about sepsis for her students. During their first week at clinical, the nurse educator performed an activity with the students to help determine their individual learning styles, and was surprised to learn that 4 of the 5 students are kinesthetic learners. Since the majority of her students are kinesthetic learners, it would be appropriate for the nurse educator to include which of the following kinesthetic learning activities in her material about sepsis?

  • Provide watermelon gum for the students to chew as they review the sepsis material together

  • Leave white space in her handouts for students to take notes as they review the sepsis material

  • Use the Socratic method of lecturing by questioning the students about their knowledge of sepsis to draw as much information from them as possible and then fill in the gaps in their learning

  • Prepare a PowerPoint presentation about sepsis to review with the students

Correct answer: Provide watermelon gum for the students to chew as they review the sepsis material together

The VARK (visual, auditory, reading/writing, and kinesthetic) method of categorizing learning styles details the sensory modality by which a student prefers to learn. Kinesthetic learners are active learners and prefer to engage in movement or having their tactile sensation stimulated during learning activities. Giving the students strongly flavored gum to chew while reviewing the sepsis material provides a cross-link of scent/aroma to the sepsis topic, providing a powerful cue for recalling the information.

Leaving white space in her handouts for students to take notes as they review the material would be most appropriate for visual learners, who have improved learning through the use of written learning concepts.

The Socratic method of lecturing by questioning the students about their knowledge of sepsis to draw as much information from them as possible is most beneficial for auditory learners.

PowerPoint presentations are most appropriate for presenting learning materials to students who learn best by reading/writing. Their preference is for information displayed as words, and they are often found learning through using resources such as the internet, Wikipedia, or Google, where the bulk of information is provided as written words.

128.

Referring to Bloom's Taxonomy, as students develop in the cognitive domain, which of the following challenges them to think at higher levels?

  • Learning activities 

  • Self-reflection

  • Pressure from peers

  • Innate motivation to learn

Correct answer: Learning activities 

According to Bloom's Taxonomy, as learners develop in the cognitive domain, they are spurred on to think at higher cognitive levels through learning activities provided by their educators. Nurse educators can utilize Bloom's Taxonomy to plan teaching and learning activities that challenge the students to attain higher levels of functioning in each of the domains as they progress upward through the nursing program.

129.

Having students work through case studies in the simulation laboratory is an effective method of measuring all of the following learning areas except:

  • Service-learning behaviors

  • Simple affective behaviors

  • Complex cognitive behaviors

  • Complex affective behaviors

Correct answer: Service-learning behaviors

The use of high-fidelity clinical simulators, as well as scenarios and case studies, are now well-established methods of practice and evaluation. Nurse educators can measure both simple and complex cognitive, affective, and psychomotor behaviors with the use of clinical simulation, and, in some cases, students have the added advantage of being able to receive immediate feedback from the multimedia equipment, enabling self-evaluation. 

Service-learning behaviors are not evaluated by use of clinical simulation.

130.

A novice nurse educator has completed her first year of teaching in a baccalaureate nursing program. She spends the month following completion of this year reviewing the content she taught, the teaching methods she used, her students' achievement of student learning outcomes (SLOs), and the feedback she received from both her students and other faculty members, and then spends time in introspection after taking in all this information. Which of the following National League for Nursing (NLN) nurse educator competencies is the nurse educator engaging in?

  • Self-reflection to improve teaching practices

  • Activities that promote her socialization in the role of nurse educator

  • Feedback to improve her role effectiveness

  • Participation in a professional development opportunity

Correct answer: Self-reflection to improve teaching practices

In this scenario, the nurse educator first reviews her academic year and feedback from peers and students, and then spends time in introspective thought. Introspection, or self-reflection, displays the nurse educator's willingness to learn more about her fundamental nature in teaching, as well as her purpose in nursing education, in order to improve upon her teaching practices. The NLN has determined that self-reflection is critical for constant improvement in the nurse educator role.

Activities to promote socialization to her role include attendance at orientation programs.

This scenario does not suggest the nurse educator took any action to improve her role effectiveness after reviewing the feedback she received; she simply reviewed it.

An example of participation in a professional development activity is taking part in an activity teaching about classroom management or student advisement.

131.

Which of the following examples most closely identifies a method of evaluating nursing program student learning outcomes (SLOs)?

  • An employer survey

  • Unit objectives

  • A rubric to be used in a student clinical placement

  • A group project about cardiopulmonary circulation

Correct answer: An employer survey

Examples of appropriate methods of evaluating nursing program SLOs:

  • alumni surveys
  • employer surveys
  • advisory committee feedback
  • National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX) results
  • certification exam pass rates

Unit objectives, rubrics, and group projects are examples of appropriate methods of evaluating course SLOs.

132.

The nurse educator has been assigned a group of 6 nursing students and will be overseeing them during their clinical rotation on a cardiac step-down unit. The nurse educator favors the learning theory of behaviorism, and as she prepares her teaching materials on cardiac rhythms, she intends to utilize which of the following teaching methods associated with behaviorism?

  • A programmed instruction module in which the students view short videos on their own time, detailing the various cardiac rhythms, beginning with normal rhythms and progressing through arrhythmias. As they complete each unit they are required to pass a brief test before moving on to the next.

  • Assigning a group project in which the students are required to learn about the assigned cardiac rhythms and arrhythmias and make a presentation before the clinical placement is finished

  • Provide each student with a self-evaluation tool at the beginning of the clinical experience which includes the student goal of mastery of identifying the various cardiac rhythms and arrhythmias. The students will be required to perform self-evaluations on their knowledge prior to beginning their clinical experience, at mid-semester, and again at the end of the semester.

  • Assign the students a weekly log in which they are to reflect upon their clinical experience each week, specifically journaling about the cardiac rhythms and arrhythmias they encounter throughout their clinical experience, and submitted in an online log format

Correct answer: A programmed instruction module in which the students view short videos on their own time, detailing the various cardiac rhythms, beginning with normal rhythms and progressing through arrhythmias. As they complete each unit they are required to pass a brief test before moving on to the next. 

The learning theory of behaviorism utilizes teaching methods such as learning contracts and programmed instruction modules.

The learning theory of cognitivism (Information Processing Theories) uses teaching models such as group projects, role playing, computerized simulations, and teaching foundational facts before higher levels of knowledge.

The social learning theory utilizes teaching models such as self-evaluation of learning, observation of best practices, and mastery experiences.

The learning theory of constructivism utilizes teaching models such as making comparisons and associations with previous knowledge, reflective logs, and debate.

The learning theory of humanism utilizes teaching models such as student-centered classrooms where teachers and students express ideas and perspectives, and personal interactions with students that promote positive regard and increase self-esteem.

 

133.

A nurse faculty member is discussing the topic of end-of-life care for pediatric patients with her students in a classroom course. She brings up a recent case, which took place outside the United States, where life support was removed from a child suffering from an incurable degenerative neurological condition, against the parents' wishes. Regarding academic freedom in the classroom:

  • The nurse educator should be careful not to introduce any controversial matter into their teaching that has no relation to the subject

  • The nurse educator is prohibited from introducing controversial matter into their teaching that has no relation to the subject

  • The nurse educator is entitled to full freedom in the classroom to discuss any subject and is unrestricted in that discussion

  • The nurse educator may be limited in academic freedom because of religious aims of the institution and is required to reveal these limitations at the time such topics are introduced in the classroom

Correct answer: The nurse educator should be careful not to introduce any controversial matter into their teaching that has no relation to the subject

The American Association of University Professors provides attributes of academic freedom for nurse educators, including the following:

  • full freedom in research and in the publication of the results, subject to the adequate performance of other academic duties
  • freedom in the classroom in discussing their subject; faculty are required to be careful to not introduce into their teaching any controversial matter that has no relation to the subject
  • freedom from institutional censorship or discipline when speaking or writing as a citizen of the community, but should be careful to exercise good judgment, restraint, and respect when speaking or writing as a citizen

Any limitations in academic freedom due to religious or other aims of the institution need to be clearly stated at the time the faculty member is appointed to their position.

134.

Exceptional leadership is characterized by all of the following practices except:

  • Taking a hands-off approach and allowing group members to make the decisions

  • Challenging the process by searching for opportunities and taking risks

  • Inspiring a shared vision for the future and enlisting the support of others within the group

  • Modeling the way by setting an example and planning small successes

Correct answer: Taking a hands-off approach and allowing group members to make the decisions

While there are many leadership styles that can be utilized within academic nursing, only five practices are associated with exceptional leadership, per Diane Huber, author of Nursing Leadership and Nursing Care Management (2000).

  1. Challenging the process by searching for opportunities, experimenting, and taking risks.
  2. Inspiring a shared vision by envisioning the future and enlisting the support of others.
  3. Enabling others to act by fostering collaboration and strengthening others.
  4. Modeling the way by setting an example and planning small successes.
  5. Encouraging the heart by recognizing contributions and celebrating accomplishments.

Taking a hands-off leadership approach and allowing group members to make the decisions is characteristic of a delegative, or laissez-faire, leadership style and has been found to be the least productive method of leadership.

135.

Which of the following indicates a nurse educator is developing the science of nursing education?

  • The nurse educator collaborates with several nurse educators at another school of nursing in the state on a research project studying methods of peer support systems to improve the learning experiences of English language learners enrolled in baccalaureate nursing programs

  • The nurse educator writes a manuscript detailing her experiences participating in a share program in which she spent a month in Canada observing and shadowing Canadian academic nurse faculty members in several schools of nursing

  • An experienced nurse educator develops a program of student mentorship and receives permission to begin implementation of the program in the school of nursing

  • A nurse faculty member volunteers to serve as chair of the curriculum revision committee

Correct answer:  The nurse educator collaborates with several nurse educators at another school of nursing in the state on a research project studying methods of peer support systems to improve the learning experiences of English language learners enrolled in baccalaureate nursing programs

The nurse educator maintains a responsibility to contribute to the development of the science of nursing education by conducting or participating in research and scholarly work. Any nurse educator can conduct or participate in research, regardless of their educational preparation. The nurse educator engaging in research must ensure integrity is maintained in the research, protecting any human subjects, ensuring research data is kept safe, and always practicing in an ethical manner. The research can involve a collaboration with colleagues from other schools of nursing, colleagues from other disciplines, or the colleagues with whom she works every day.

Writing a manuscript sharing about an experience, developing and implementing a student mentorship program, and volunteering to serve as chair of a curriculum development committee are not examples of developing the science of nursing education.

136.

Lewin's change theory of nursing is a three-stage model of change, the stages of which are referred to as all of the following except:

  • Thawing

  • Refreezing

  • Unfreezing

  • Change

Correct answer: Thawing

Kurt Lewin's change theory of nursing is a three-stage model of change used in nursing education. His change model posits that prior learning is rejected before being replaced by new learning through the concepts of driving forces, restraining forces, and equilibrium. 

Three stages are identified in this theory: unfreezing, change, and refreezing.

Unfreezing is the stage during which the patient becomes dissatisfied with the current method; this makes it possible for them to release old habits or patterns that were counterproductive or even harmful.

Change, or moving, requires a process of change in thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in order to move toward the change.

The refreezing stage occurs when the new thoughts, feelings, or behaviors have been established and reinforced as the new norm.

Thawing is not a stage identified in Lewin's change theory of nursing.

137.

The educational theorist David Kolb noted that learners process information on two dissecting continuums, resulting in four distinct learning styles. These learning styles include all of the following except:

  • Dissimilators

  • Convergers

  • Assimilators

  • Accommodators

Correct answer: Dissimilators

The educational theorist David Kolb noted that learners process information on two dissecting continuums, resulting in four distinct learning styles. 

Convergers process information with an abstract conceptualization and hands-on active experimentation.

Divergers process information concretely while reflecting on their observations.

Assimilators possess strong inductive reasoning skills and process information using abstract conceptualization and reflective observation.

Accommodators conceptualize information concretely while employing active experimentation.

Dissimilator is not a learning style identified by David Kolb.

138.

The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) describes interprofessional education (IPE) in terms of all of the following except:

  • Inclusivity and diversity

  • Values and ethics

  • Roles and responsibilities

  • Interpersonal communication

Correct answer: Inclusivity and diversity

Interprofessional learning competencies were developed by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) in 2011 with a goal of preparing all health professional students for working together to build a safer and improved U.S. health care system. Interprofessional education (IPE) takes place when practitioners from two or more specialties come together to learn from and with each other to bring about effective collaboration and improve health care outcomes.

The AACN describes interprofessional education (IPE) in terms of

  • values and ethics
  • roles and responsibilities
  • interprofessional communication
  • teams and teamwork

Inclusivity and diversity is advocated for within IPE.

139.

Which of the following statements regarding innovation and creativity in the academic nurse educator (ANE) is most accurate?

  • Not all ANEs have the aptitude for innovativeness and creativity

  • Creativity and innovativeness are difficult skills to teach and learn

  • Risk-taking in academic nursing practice should be discouraged and avoided

  • Creative thinking can assist in doing away with old ideas and processes

Correct answer: Not all ANEs have the aptitude for innovativeness and creativity

Creativity and innovation are cited as being essential competencies for ANEs in nursing leadership if the nursing organization is to survive through periods of change. While not all ANEs actually possess the aptitude for innovativeness and creativity, they are all responsible for encouraging and advancing innovation in nursing education by remaining open to new ideas. Creativity and innovation can be learned and should be taught through the use of strategies such as creative problem solving, supporting creative play in the work environment as a method to generate new ideas, express value for risk-taking and celebrate it even when risk-taking ends in failure, and reaching out to other academic disciplines (humanities, political science, business, etc.) in an attempt to create work environments that promote collaboration and innovation.

140.

The Donabedian (2005) model is a conceptual model that provides a framework for evaluation of health services and health care. This model purports that information about quality of care can be drawn from three categories, including all of the following except:

  • Constructs

  • Structure

  • Processes

  • Outcomes

Correct answer: Constructs

Donabedian's (2005) conceptual model provides a framework for evaluation of health services and health care. According to his model, information about the quality of care can be obtained from three sources: structure, processes, and outcomes. Structure is used to describe the context within which health care is provided; processes describes the interactions, or transactions, between the health care provider and the patient; and outcomes describes the recovery or restoring of function and/or survival of the patient. The concept of outcomes has been commonly used as an indicator to evaluate quality of care.

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