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Quiz Session - Attempts With Random Questions

CRCC CRC Exam Questions

Page 8 of 25

141.

Why might projective techniques be considered better against faking than structured personality inventories? 

  • Projective techniques provide a less obvious assessment agenda

  • Structured techniques contain no safeguards against faking

  • Projective techniques contain hidden cues to signal faking

  • Structured techniques contain hidden cues to signal faking

Correct answer: Projective techniques provide a less obvious assessment agenda

The concept of faking is an important one in any assessment, particularly in assessments of personality in which a client might be highly motivated to conceal aspects of their personality. Traditional structured personality inventories, such as MMPI-2, contain internal, structural methods of detecting faking, though these are not hidden cues per se but elements of the test's design. 

Projective techniques, such as TAT or Rorschach, could make faking more difficult through their lack of identifiable structure; if the client does not know how to fake a response that will benefit them, they can't.

142.

How is cognitive therapy effective in multicultural populations? 

  • By dealing with the personal worldview of individuals

  • By teaching specific multicultural information

  • By addressing individual personality

  • By creating a flow of multicultural feedback

Correct answer: By dealing with the personal worldview of individuals 

In contrast to other therapies that may not be as effective in dealing with multicultural concerns, cognitive behavioral therapy has the advantage of dealing exclusively with the personal worldview of participants as the primary clinical area of focus. Thus, the client is actually able to use their own cultural background and diversity issues as the foundation for changing one's thinking. 

Cognitive therapy does not teach specific multicultural information, and though it addresses individual personality, its focus is more on cognitive issues. It is hoped that a multicultural feedback loop would occur, but the main advantage of cognitive therapy in a multicultural context is its focus on the thoughts of an individual. 

143.

How might an introvert misinterpret job market data? 

  • By letting their reactions cloud the nature of the data

  • By forgetting what the data says

  • By being unwilling to access relevant data

  • By not investigating the data deeply enough

Correct answer: By letting their reactions cloud the nature of the data 

With reference to Myers-Briggs typology, an example of how significant personality is to job search is that, as introverts are more focused on their internal reactions than external data, they might let their reactions cloud data and shut off opportunities or misinterpret key data. A more extroverted type might not have the same vulnerability. 

The risk is not really that the data is not understood by an introvert, but that the introvert's inner focus might make their perception of the data misleading.

144.

How has the ACA responded to issues regarding technology in counseling?

  • With specific Code of Ethics sections regarding technology 

  • With amendments to existing Code of Ethics provisions 

  • The matter is left to state behavioral science boards 

Correct answer: With specific Code of Ethics sections regarding technology 

The issue of technology in its many new forms that impact counseling, such as social networking and technology-assisted counseling, resulted in the American Counseling Association making a new section in the Code of Ethics regarding these areas. This was less an amendment to existing issues than a new section regarding these issues. Though state behavioral science boards can provide guidance, the ACA authored a new section of the Code for this purpose. 

145.

Should self-disclosure by group members be allowed?

  • Yes, within certain limits

  • Yes, and such self-disclosure should be open-ended

  • No, under no circumstances

Correct answer: Yes, within certain limits 

Self-disclosure is a necessary element of group work, though it will vary in its intensity according to the type of group being implemented. Any self-disclosure by group members should be monitored to ensure that the group member does not monopolize the group's time and that their self-disclosure does not intrude on the rights of others due to issues of cultural sensitivity.

146.

Which of the following best describes a normal distribution in statistics? 

  • A bell shape

  • A slope trending up to the right 

  • A slope trending down to the right 

Correct answer: A bell shape

In what is usually referred to as a normal distribution, a set of statistical data forms a bell-shaped curve, with many data points in the middle and fewer on either side. 

A slope trending up or down represents a skewed distribution, or a heavier distribution on one side of the graph. 

147.

When must researchers honor their commitments to participants?

  • By the time research is completed

  • When specified by the research design 

  • When it is deemed appropriate by the institutional review board 

Correct answer: By the time research is completed

The ACA Code of Ethics makes clear that, in the case of researchers making commitments to their research participants in any form, they must honor those commitments by the time the research project is completed (ACA, 2014). 

The research design will have already included this guidance, and the institutional review board is most likely to have observed the ACA Code of Ethics regarding honoring whatever commitments are made.

148.

Which of the following makes assessment of children the most difficult?

  • Children are frank but lack vocabulary

  • Children are reticent but fluent

  • Children lack insight but express readily

Correct answer: Children are frank but lack vocabulary 

The assessment of children poses many problems. There are, of course, the issues of informed consent, liability, and potential conflict with parents or caregivers; however, in clinical terms, the main difficulty in working with most child clients is that they are willing to discuss their problems openly but lack the vocabulary to do so. The counselor must try to elicit factual and useful information while not intimidating or manipulating the child.

149.

Generally speaking, what should counselors do who suspect their client is a victim of illegal discrimination?

  • Help the client make a decision about reporting

  • Take action on behalf of the client

  • Provide the client with information

  • Consult with the ACA on the individual case

Correct answer: Help the client make a decision about reporting 

Clients may become victims of illegal discrimination, or be perceived to be so. When this takes place, the best course of action is not only to educate the client about the law and their options, but to help the client decide what action, if any, to take.

It would be disempowering to take action on behalf of the client, who is entitled to make their own decision about the issue. The ACA does not provide guidance on individual ethical matters.

150.

How would countertransference most likely manifest itself in group work? 

  • The group leader treats a group member as one of his own family members

  • A group member treats the group leader as one of their own family members

  • The group as a whole interacts as a family unit

  • The group leader allows the group to form family-style bonds

Correct answer: The group leader treats a group member as one of his own family members 

Though the term emerges from the school of psychodynamic therapy, the concept of countertransference is a useful one in a group context. Countertransference specifically refers to the way in which a group leader can begin (in a group therapy context) to treat a group member in the same way they might treat a family member, for better or worse. 

Countertransference is the opposite of transference, which is when the object of therapy, such as an individual or group member, brings their own "extra" feelings into the therapeutic situation. Countertransference deals with the emotions and behavior of the therapist/group leader and not the group as a whole.

151.

What is collaborative empiricism in group work?

  • The practice of examining assumptions as a team

  • The practice of suggesting behavioral interventions

  • The practice of group coping

  • The practice of situational analysis

Correct answer: The practice of examining assumptions as a team 

Collaborative empiricism is usually a part of group cognitive therapy. Just as in individual cognitive therapy, assumptions about self, thought, environment, and other issues are challenged with a view toward changing them to be more accurate, the group process uses the team to do what the therapist and client would do in the context of individual therapy. The goal is to scientifically examine false or distorted beliefs and challenge them. 

The process does not involve behavioral interventions outside of cognitive interventions, and is not limited to coping or situational analysis.

152.

Which of the following would be least likely to be used as a tool for the measurement of personality in career development?

  • MMPI 

  • CPI

  • 16 PF

Correct answer: MMPI 

Though it is a helpful instrument for the assessment of pathological personality, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in its various forms is unlikely to be used as a measure of personality in relation to career development. 

More likely to be used are the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and/or the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF).

153.

What is the main assumption of human capital theory?

  • Equal opportunity to compete in the labor market

  • A baseline level of education for all participants

  • The same overall level of willingness to work

  • The same overall cultural background

Correct answer: Equal opportunity to compete in the labor market 

Human capital theory states that individuals are willing to invest in strategies to improve their job situation, including the expenditure of resources on their part. One major assumption underlying this theory is the debatable notion that there is equal opportunity in the job market. This affects the validity of human capital theory in addressing the labor market as a whole. 

The theory does not assume baselines in cultural background or education or even willingness to work, except in the sense that people are willing to exchange resources for greater opportunity.

154.

What are the key words that define virtually every mental health diagnosis? 

  • Clinically significant distress or impairment 

  • Loss of significant coping mechanisms 

  • Delay in cognitive or affective functioning 

  • Significant distress or concern manifest to others 

Correct answer: Clinically significant distress or impairment 

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is currently the standard diagnostic reference work used in the mental health profession. In defining virtually any mental disorder, the DSM stipulates that such a disorder must cause clinically significant distress or impairment. Following this basic assumption will be other, more specified clinical criteria. 

The diagnostic rubric does not contain coping, affect, or distress manifest to others as a standard feature in diagnosis.

155.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about Erickson's developmental stages? 

  • Incomplete stages can be completed later 

  • Incomplete stages cannot be completed later 

  • Incomplete stages make the next stage impossible

Correct answer: Incomplete stages can be completed later 

Erik Erikson postulated a theory of psychosocial development that addresses key transitions and conflicts in a person's life. These stages tend to be the same across individuals, but individuals complete them differently. Key to understanding Erikson's theory is the idea that incomplete stages make accomplishing the more mature later stages more difficult, but incomplete stages can be completed at a later time if not completed at the age-normative time in which they are usually completed. 

156.

How is cultural diversity relevant to behavioral modeling strategies?

  • Clients tend to learn better from those like themselves in general

  • Clients are neutral about the perceived characteristics of their behavioral model

  • Clients tend to learn social skills better from those like themselves

  • Clients develop bias about their behavioral models during the process

Correct answer: Clients tend to learn better from those like themselves in general

Though bias is no doubt present to some extent in all human beings about other human beings, its impact on behavioral modeling strategies is concrete and specific. When implementing modeling strategies, such as those that demonstrate social or other skills, clients tend to learn better from those they perceive to be more culturally similar to themselves. 

This is true of skill acquisition in general and is not limited to the learning of social skills.

157.

When is a substance use assessment appropriate?

  • As a part of standard intake for all clients

  • In cases of known substance use history

  • Only when substance use is known

Correct answer: As a part of standard intake for all clients 

The current thinking, given the prevalence of substance use and the increasing trend toward legalization of cannabis in particular, is that all clients should undertake some form of assessment for substance use issues as a part of standard intake. If the client does not manifest these issues, the assessment does not have to be robust, but the opportunity should not be missed to ask a few questions about the client's habits in this regard. Many substance use issues go undetected until they are highly acute and immediate, and prevention is better than cure.

158.

Which of the following is true about research on human subjects?

  • There is always an element of risk to human subjects in research design

  • Risk to human subjects must be eliminated in research design 

  • Risk to human subjects is extremely low in research design 

Correct answer: There is always an element of risk to human subjects in research design

Unfortunately, there is always an element of risk to human subjects in any research design involving them. Many of these can be foreseen and minimized, and this is the ethical mandate of research on human subjects. 

We cannot say that the risk is low, as the risk involved in psychological research is complex and idiosyncratic. It is also unrealistic to say that all such risk could be eliminated. Research design must minimize risk as much as possible. 

159.

How is certification different from registration?

  • Registration is signing up; certification is recognition of title

  • Certification is signing up; registration is recognition of title

  • The terms are interchangeable in most contexts

  • Counselors may be certified, but usually do not have to register

Correct answer: Registration is signing up; certification is recognition of title 

There is wide variability in the terms, practices, and processes regarding certification, as this is practiced somewhat differently in every state. For the most part, registration is when a counselor must register with the relevant state entity in order to practice in that jurisdiction, and certification deals with the recognition of a title as needing qualification in order to be claimed. The requirements in these areas are set by state entities.

160.

Which of the following is the best example of respect for autonomy?

  • Encouraging self-determination 

  • Advising against excess 

  • Telling the truth 

  • Keeping one's word in difficult circumstances 

Correct answer: Encouraging self-determination 

The ACA Code of Ethics is the ethical guide for counselors, and it details several principles that are essential to responsible practice in the profession. One of these is respect for autonomy, which is, in other words, the encouragement of self-determination on the part of the client. There are specific, limited circumstances in which this self-determination may be suspended but, as an overall principle, counselors should always strive to help their clients strive for their own power and agency. 

Advising against excess is valuable but not an explicit ethical principle in the ACA Code, and telling the truth and keeping one's word in difficult circumstances are examples of another ACA value, that of veracity.

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